摘要

外交是一種是複雜和具有挑戰性的軟力量，為促進世界國際關係，運作於「吸引力」和「合作」兩個面向。其中，文化外交（Cultural Diplomacy），定義為經由組織或個人交換思想、資訊、價值觀、傳統、藝術，來達到加強相互理解和雙方關係的目的。幾個世紀以來，每個人都參與了文化外交，然而，由於文化外交最近被作為一種理論，加上實踐行為上很少有經驗證據，這樣的外交形勢逐漸削弱中。

這項研究的目的在於探討透過Fulbright，這項加強國際關係中的文化外交，並加強實踐文化外交的計劃，來探索21世紀文化外交的重要性。

研究方法為文獻分析和定性研究。研究人員使用軟權力理論(Soft Power Theory)和邏輯模型(The Logic Model)作為框架，以幫助描述、分析和評估此項研究。

研究報告認為，台灣Fulbright的教育交流計劃帶出了不同的文化觀點，並且分析推斷出參與者的態度變化，是最直接干涉短期和長期外交的重點。研究指出，Fulbright計劃實現了美國21世紀文化外交的目標。


關鍵字: 文化外交，富布萊特計劃，美國，台灣，軟實力。

Diplomacy is an intricate and challenging practice of fostering relationships around the world. It is a tool of soft power, which operates in the aspects of ‘attraction’ and ‘cooperation.’ One of its branches is Cultural Diplomacy (CD) that is defined as the exchange of ideas, information, values, traditions, art and other aspects of culture practiced by institutions or individuals with the goal of enhancing mutual understanding and strengthening relationships. However, it continues to be undermined in international relations. The purpose of the study is to shed some light on the growing importance of CD in the 21st century. By exploring the Fulbright Program in Taiwan, it strengthens the cultural diplomacy in theory and in practice. The research methods are document analysis and qualitative approach. The researcher used soft power theory and ‘The Logic Model’ as the frameworks to describe, analyze, and assess the study. The research study concludes that the educational exchange program, Fulbright program in Taiwan, embodies outcomes with cultural aspects. The research study analyzes that the participants’ develop ‘attitude change.’ This is the most significant outcome, both intermediate and long lasting. The research concludes that the Fulbright program fulfills the goal of U.S. cultural diplomacy in the 21st century.

Table of Contents


Table of Contents	iii
Chapter 1 Introduction	1
1.1	Research Goal	4
1.2	Literature Review	6
1.2.1 Soft Power	6
1.2.2 Cultural Diplomacy	8
1.2.3 The American Experience: Cultural Diplomacy	11
1.2.4 American Educational and Cultural Exchange Programs	14
1.2.5 The Fulbright Program	16
1.2.6 Other Exchange Programs	18
1.3	Methodology	20
1.4	Scope and Limitations	21
1.5	Frameworks	23
1.5.1 Theoretical Framework	23
1.5.2 Conceptual Framework	26
1.6	Significance of the Study	29
1.7	Summary of Chapters	30
Chapter 2 Cultural Diplomacy	31
2.1	Cultural Diplomacy	31
2.1.1	Definition	32
2.1.2	Advantages	33
2.1.3	Challenges	35
2.2	The Relationship with Soft Power	36
2.2.1	Definition of Soft Power	37
2.2.2	Limitations of Soft Power	39
2.2.3	Advantages of Soft Power	41
2.2.4	Soft Power and Cultural diplomacy	41
2.2.5	Significance	43
2.3	A Tool of Cultural Diplomacy: International Exchange Programs	44
2.3.1	Cultural and Educational Exchange Programs	46
2.4	Summary	49
Chapter 3 The American Experience	52
3.1	U.S. Cultural Diplomacy	52
3.1.1	Brief Historical Background	54
3.1.2	Issues on American Cultural Diplomacy	57
3.2	American Exchange Programs	60
3.2.1	Role of American Exchange Programs	61
3.2.2	Educational Exchange Programs	63
3.2.3	Failed U.S. Cultural Diplomacy	65
3.3	Relationship with Other Countries	66
3.4 Summary	70
Chapter 4 The Fulbright Program	74
4.1	The Fulbright Program	75
4.2	Fulbright Program in Taiwan	77
4.2.1	The Establishment and Collaboration	78
4.2.2	The Exchanges and Grants	80
4.3	During The Obama Administration (2012-2016)	83
4.3.1	Funding	84
4.3.2 The Exchanges	92
4.3.3 Reflections	95
4.4	Summary	100
Chapter 5 Analysis and Assessment	104
5.1	Analysis	104
5.2	Assessment	107
Chapter 6 Conclusion	109
Bibliography	113

 

Table of Figures
Figure 1.1. 	26
Figure 1.2. 	29

Table of Graphs
Graph 4.1. 	86
Graph 4.2. 	87
Graph 4.3. 	88
Graph 4.4. 	89
Graph 4.5. 	90
Graph 4.6. 	91
Graph 4.7. 	94
Graph 4.8. 	95
Graph 4.9. 	97

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Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. “Annual Report 2015.” PDF File. Accessed November 27, 2017. https://eca.state.gov/files/bureau/160909_ffsb-report-2015.pdf.

Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. “Annual Report 2015.” PDF File. Accessed November 27, 2017. https://eca.state.gov/files/bureau/160909_ffsb-report-2015.pdf.

Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. “Cultural Diplomacy.” In Programs and Initiatives. Accessed May 26, 2017. https://eca.state.gov/programs-and-initiatives.

Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. “FFSB: Annual Reports.” PDF Files and Excel Files. Accessed November 27, 2017. https://eca.state.gov/fulbright/about-fulbright/j-william-fulbright-foreign-scholarship-board-ffsb/ffsb-reports.

Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. “Fulbright Program History.” Accessed March 20, 2017. https://eca.state.gov/fulbright/about-fulbright/history.

Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. “History.” Accessed May 12, 2017. https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Bureau_of_Educational_and_Cultural_Affairs.html.

Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA). “Facts and Figures: ECA Facts and Infofigures.” Accessed March 17, 2017. https://eca.state.gov/impact/facts-and-figures.

Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. “Program History.” Accessed May 12, 2017. https://eca.state.gov/ivlp/about-ivlp/program-history.

Council for International Exchange of Scholars.  “The Fulbright Program.” Accessed December 5, 2017. https://www.cies.org/sites/default/files/documents/CIES-US-VS-Brochure-2017.pdf.

Foundation for Scholarly Exchange. “What is Fulbright?.” Accessed on March 2, 2017. http://www.fulbright.org.tw/dispPageBox/MainEn.aspx?ddsPageID=FOSEENGHP&.

Fulbright Taiwan. “About Research and Reflections.” Accessed March 1, 2018. http://journal.fulbright.org.tw/index.php/homepage/about-research-reflections.

Fulbright Taiwan. “Cultural Insights.” Accessed May 27, 2017. http://journal.fulbright.org.tw/index.php/browse-topics/new-cultural-insights.

Fulbright Taiwan. “Fulbright Taiwan: Background.” Accessed November 12, 2017.  http://taiwan-etaprogram.org/history.

Fulbright Taiwan. “The Fulbright Program: Grantees’ Profiles.” Accessed September 27, 2017. http://www.fulbright.org.tw/dispPageBox/CtEn.aspx?ddsPageID=FOSEENGEC&.

Fulbright Taiwan. “Fulbright Taiwan English Teaching Assistantship (ETA).” Accessed March 5, 2017. http://taiwan-etaprogram.org.

Institution of Cultural Diplomacy. “History of Cultural Diplomacy.” (N.d.). Accessed March 28, 2017. http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/index.php?en_culturaldiplomacy.

Institution of Cultural Diplomacy. "What is Cultural Diplomacy.” Accessed October 13, 2014. http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/index.php?en_culturaldiplomacy.

Le Forum des étudiants de Sciences Po et des IEP. “The Concept of Soft Power.” Accessed May 17, 2017. http://www.forum-scpo.com/geopolitique/concept-soft-power.htm.

National Geographic. “Diplomacy.” Accessed October 26, 2017, https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/diplomacy/.


Online Sources

Adamowicz, Stephanie. “21st Century Cultural Diplomacy Objectives,” Huffingtonpost, n.d.. Accessed November 12, 2017. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephanie-adamowicz/21st-century-cultural-dip_b_532683.html.

Badilllo, Angel. “Soft Power, Foreign Influence, and Cultural Diplomacy.” The Diplomat, December 6, 2010. Accessed May 15, 2017. http://thediplomatinspain.com/en/soft-power-foreign-influence-cultural-diplomacy/.

The Alliance of International and Cultural Exchange. “The Impact of International Exchange Programs.” PDF file. Accessed December 10, 2017. http://www.alliance-exchange.org/sites/default/files/2_Impact_of_Exchanges_2013_FINAL.pdf.

The Alliance for International Exchange. “Academic Exchange.” Accessed October 30, 2017. http://www.alliance-exchange.org/academic-exchange.

The Alliance for International Exchange. “The Role of International Exchanges.” Accessed November 2, 2017. http://www.alliance-exchange.org/role-exchanges.


Magazines

Wpengine. “Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy.” Public Diplomacy Magazine, January 1, 2010. Accessed March 17, 2017. http://www.publicdiplomacymagazine.com/soft-power-and-cultural-diplomacy/.


Web Images

Fulbright Program. “Photo Gallery.” American Institute in Taiwan. Accessed November 12, 2017. http://www.fulbright.org.tw/dispPageBox/CtEn.aspx?ddsPageID=PHOTO&kind=FULBRIGHT.