系統識別號 | U0002-0508201911365100 |
---|---|
DOI | 10.6846/TKU.2019.00130 |
論文名稱(中文) | 皺摺拍翼之微模造與氣動力分析 |
論文名稱(英文) | MICRO-MOLDING FABRICATION AND AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF CORRUGATED FLAPPING WING |
第三語言論文名稱 | |
校院名稱 | 淡江大學 |
系所名稱(中文) | 機械與機電工程學系碩士班 |
系所名稱(英文) | Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering |
外國學位學校名稱 | |
外國學位學院名稱 | |
外國學位研究所名稱 | |
學年度 | 107 |
學期 | 2 |
出版年 | 108 |
研究生(中文) | 卡尼諾 |
研究生(英文) | Niroj Kapri |
學號 | 606375029 |
學位類別 | 碩士 |
語言別 | 英文 |
第二語言別 | |
口試日期 | 2019-06-21 |
論文頁數 | 93頁 |
口試委員 |
指導教授
-
楊龍杰
委員 - 鄭元良 委員 - 胡毓忠 |
關鍵字(中) |
含有翅脈之翼膜 矽膠 聚對二甲苯 SU8光阻 |
關鍵字(英) |
Corrugated wing PDMS Parylene SU8 resist |
第三語言關鍵字 | |
學科別分類 | |
中文摘要 |
本論文主要目的是研究含有翅脈之拍翼翼膜對拍翼機飛行的影響。翅膀富有脈絡在昆蟲界相當普遍,不同的翅脈紋路對於昆蟲在空中懸停以及飛行穩定度上有著不同的影響。合宜的翅脈結構有助於提升飛行性能。 本論文研究採用創新的微模造法,以蜻蜓翼為藍圖,製造20cm翼長之拍翼機翼膜。此模造翼膜的過程結合了3D列印技術以及矽膠(PDMS)固化成型技術,也就是利用3D列印的方式製造蜻蜓翼模具,並且導入矽膠漿液使其固化,最後以聚對二甲苯(Parylene)鍍膜的方式,製造出可媲美蜻蜓翼外型且厚度為40μm之翼膜。翼膜成品將分別裝載於單翼拍翼機(一對翅膀)以及雙翼拍翼機(兩對翅膀)上,並相互對照其成效。風洞實驗主要是為了擷取升力訊號,從風洞實驗的結果我們可以看出,含有蜻蜓翼脈之翼膜其升力係數明顯比平坦之翼膜高22% 。另外實驗中也運用高速攝影記錄拍翼機之動態行為,以精確了解拍翼機飛行過程。 除了3D列印加工法,本研究也採用新型的微機電(MEMS)加工技術。首先是運用非等向性蝕刻方式,在矽晶片上製造出蜻蜓翼模型之凹槽,搭配SU8光阻做為翼脈材料,以及聚對二甲苯為翼膜材料,使製造出的翼膜不只在構造上更趨近於蜻蜓昆蟲翼膜之原始型態,同時也具有較佳的機械剛度。此新型的微機電加工技術可依據不同拍翼膜尺寸、形狀以及厚度,而製造出多樣性的翼膜。 從以上結果可以看出,利用「SU8光阻-聚對二甲苯」複合型材料,能夠製造出無論是尺寸、重量以及脈絡分布等,皆相似於自然界昆蟲的翅膀。本論文方法使含有翅脈拍翼具有高於平坦翼膜25%的剛度,因此不需在機翼中心的翼後緣處固定於機身,未來可以與大自然中飛行者的機翼結構和拍翼運動相匹配,例如旋轉拍翼。 |
英文摘要 |
This thesis deals with the study of the corrugated patterns on flapping wings. The corrugated wing design is generally seen in insects. Insect wings with the corrugated topological features give themselves excellent stability and high load-bearing capacity during flapping and hovering. It is believed that the appropriate corrugated structures on insect wings enhance the aerodynamic performance. We use the innovative fabrication process using the micro-molding methodology to fabricate the 20 cm flapping wing, which is composed of the corrugated wing inspired by the dragonfly wing. The mother mold is made firstly by a 3D printer according to natural flyers design, and secondly the demolded PDMS is served a the final molding material for corrugated wings. Parylene was selected as the wing material as it mechanical properties comparable to real insect wing. The thickness of the wing was selected as 40μm. The wing was being installed on two configurations. The first is mono wings, and the other is bi wings. Both were compared to the flat membrane wing with the same shape, size, and thickness. The lift signal was measured by the load cell in a wind tunnel. The tests show that the corrugated wing has 22% improvement in lift compared to the flat membrane wing. The dynamic characterization of the corrugated wings is done by using high-speed photography as well. Another methodology for fabrication of wing was developed using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) process. In this methodology, the anisotropic etching was done to form the V-grooves on a silicon wafer, and this etched silicon wafer acts as the mold for the corrugated wing. SU-8 and parylene membrane form an elegant structure, approaching the real wings not only in material conception but also in mechanical performance. Based on the insect wing, the sandwich microstructure was developed where Parylene was used as the membrane of the wing, and SU8 was used as the vein. The thickness of the wing can be varied in order to get different size, shape, and thickness of the artificial wing. We conclude that natural wings can be well mimicked in material understanding, size, weight, mass distribution venation, and wing rigidity using the “SU8-parylene” composite materials. This methodology gives the wing 25% larger stiffness than the flat membrane wing so that pinning at the wing trailing edge of the central-line fuselage is not necessary. It can matches with the natural flyers’ wing structure and motion, e.g., performing wing rotation or avian flapping in the future. |
第三語言摘要 | |
論文目次 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHINESE ABSTRACT II ENGLISH ABSTRACT: III ACKNOWLEDGEMENT V TABLE OF CONTENTS VI LIST OF FIGURE VIII LIST OF TABLE XI CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 MICRO AERIAL VEHICLE 2 1.3 VARIOUS MAVS CAME INTO PICTURE 3 1.4 INSECT WING 7 1.5 AEROELASTIC WING DYNAMICS 8 1.6 LITERATURE REVIEW 8 1.6.1 FLEXIBLE WING DESIGN 8 1.6.2 WING FABRICATION 10 1.7 RESEARCH MOTIVATION 14 1.8 THESIS OUTLOOK 14 CHAPTER 2: DRAGONFLY WING THEORITICAL BASICS AND SIMPLIFIED CORRUGATED WING FABRIGATION 16 2.1 DRAGONFLY 16 2.2 DRAGONFLY WING STRUCTURE AND CORRUGATIONS 17 2.3 THICKNESS EFFECT FOR CORRUGATED WING 19 2.4 3D PRINTING 20 2.5 DESIGN OF SIMPLE DRAGONFLY CORRUGATED WING 21 2.6 3D PRINTING OF A DRAGONFLY WING 24 2.7 MAKING PDMS MOLD FROM 3D PRINTED MASTER MOLD 24 CHAPTER 3: CORRUGATED WING AERODYNAMIC TESTING 28 3.1 MECHANISM 28 3.2 WING SETUP IN FWMAV 29 3.3 FLEXURAL STIFFNESS EFFECT ON CORRUGATED WING 30 3.4 WING BEAT CYCLE WITH CORRUGATED WING 32 3.4.1 EVANS MECHANISM 32 3.4.2 E-BIRD MECHANISM 32 3.5 TETHERING FLIGHT TEST 34 3.5.1 EVANS MECHANISM 35 3.5.2 E- BIRD MECHANISM 36 3.6 WIND TUNNEL TESTING 36 3.6.1 LIFT COMPARISON USING EVANS MECHANISM 38 3.6.2 LIFT COMPARISON USING E-BIRD MECHANISM 41 CHAPTER 4: CORRUGATED WING USING MEMS PROCESS 43 4.1 MATERIAL STUDY 43 4.1.1 MATERIAL OF NATURAL INSECT WINGS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 43 4.1.2 MATERIAL CHOICE CRITERIA FOR ARTIFICIAL INSECT WINGS 43 4.1.3 SU-8 AND PARYLENE-C: MATERIAL CANDIDATES FOR ARTIFICIAL INSECT WINGS 44 4.2 MICRO CT SCANNING 45 4.3 STRUCTURE DESIGN FOR ARTIFICIAL WING 46 4.4 VERIFICATION OF THE GROOVE ACCORDANCE TO THE CORRUGATION 48 4.5 FABRICATION PROCESS FOR ARTIFICIAL WING 49 4.6 CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMS WING 52 4.7 WING BEAT CYCLE FOR MEMS CORRUGATED WING 54 4.8 TETHERING FLIGHT TEST FOR MEMS WING 58 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUTION AND FUTURE WORK 60 5.1 SIMPLE CORRUGATED WING USING 3D PRINTED MOLD 60 5.2 CORRUGATED WING INSPIRED BY INSECT 60 5.3 FUTURE WORK 61 REFERENCES 63 APPENDIX A 74 APPENDIX B 77 APPENDIX C 79 APPENDIX D 81 APPENDIX E 88 PUBLICATIONS 93 LIST OF FIGURE Figure 1.1 Black Widow MAV 4 Figure 1.2 Different variation of the Delfly 4 Figure 1.3 Hybrid flapping-fixed wing MAV 6 Figure 1.4 Ornithopter by Petter Muren 6 Figure 1.5 Nano Hummingbird 7 Figure 1.6 Spanwise flexural stiffness of various insect species versus wingspan. 9 Figure 2.1 Dragonfly specimen 16 Figure 2.2 Time-averaged streamlines 18 Figure 2.3 Nano level pattern of dragonfly wing 18 Figure 2.4 An almost ball-shaped water droplet on wing membrane of a dragonfly 19 Figure 2.5The two-dimensional airfoils used in the numerical simulatio 19 Figure 2.6 Velocity magnitude for the airfoil at Re 5000 in COMSOL 20 Figure 2.7 Lift generated with different airfoil at Re 5000 in COMSOL 20 Figure 2.8 Layering of the melted material from the extrusion nozzle 21 Figure 2.9 Drawing of a dragonfly forewing 22 Figure 2.10 Mother mold design draft 23 Figure 2.11 3D designed wing using 3 profile structure 23 Figure 2.12 Isometric view of 3D dragonfly wing 23 Figure 2.13 Height variation in the wing 24 Figure 2.14 3D printed mold 24 Figure 2.15 Mold fabrication using PDMS 25 Figure 2.16 Mold fabrication using PDMS 25 Figure 2.17 LH 300 parylene Coater 26 Figure 2.18 Parylene-C deposition process 26 Figure 2.19 Parylene-C Based corrugated wing 27 Figure 3.1 Mechanism used 28 Figure 3.2 Setup for (a) Evans mechanisms. (b) E-Bird mechanisms 29 Figure 3.3 Vertical deflection of corrugated wing 31 Figure 3.4 Wing beat cycle for Evans mechanism 33 Figure 3.5 Wing beat cycle for E-bird mechanism 34 Figure 3.6 Control of flapping MAV 35 Figure 3.7 Evans mechanism tethering flight testing for cursing 35 Figure 3.8 Evans mechanism tethering flight test at high inclined angle 36 Figure 3.9 E- bird mechanism tethering flight at high inclined angle 36 Figure 3.10 Wind tunnel Testing Setup 37 Figure 3.11 Load-cell (Bertec Corp.). 38 Figure 3.12 Lift coefficient vs Reynolds number for Evans machanism 39 Figure 3.13 FFT using MATLAB for flat wing with Evans mechanism 39 Figure 3.14 Waveform flapping trend for flat wing with Evans mechanism 40 Figure 3.15 FFT using MATLAB for corrugated wing with Evans mechanism 40 Figure 3.16 Waveform flapping trend for corrugated wing with Evans mechanism 40 Figure 3.17 Lift coefficient vs Reynolds number for E-Bird machanism 41 Figure 3.18 FFT using MATLAB for flat wing with E-bird mechanism 41 Figure 3.19 Waveform flapping trend for flat wing with E-bird mechanism 42 Figure 3.20 FFT using MATLAB for corrugated wing with E-bird mechanism 42 Figure 3.21 Waveform flapping trend for corrugated wing with E-bird mechanism 42 Figure 4.1Material property charts 44 Figure 4.2 Flow chart for Micro CT scan processing 46 Figure 4.3 Mask design for artificial wing 47 Figure 4.4 Compensation patter for the anisotropic etching of silicon wafer 48 Figure 4.5 Verification of Anisotropic etching using silicon wafer (100) 49 Figure 4.6 Step by step process of MEMS fabrication of wing 50 Figure 4.7 TMAH etching setup 51 Figure 4.8 TMAH etched surface for corrugated wing artificial wing 51 Figure 4.9 Artificial corrugated cicada wing 52 Figure 4.10 Artificial corrugated dragonfly wing 52 Figure 4.11 The optical and SEM pictures for the fabricated wings (a) 53 Figure 4.12 Vertical deflection of MEMS wing 54 Figure 4.13 Wing setup for testing wing beat cycle 54 Figure 4.14 Wind beat frequency for MEMS wing at 2V 55 Figure 4.15 Wind beat frequency for MEMS wing at 2.5V 56 Figure 4.16 Wind beat frequency for MEMS wing at 3V 57 Figure 4.17 MAV setup with MEMS wing 58 Figure 4.18 MEMS wing tethering flight testing at low positive inclined angle 59 Figure 4.19 MEMS wing tethering flight testing at high inclined angle 59 Figure A-1CT Scan image after 3D reconstruction processing for forewing 76 Figure A-2 CT Scan image after 3D reconstruction processing for hindwing 76 Figure C-1 Lift vs wing speed for Evans mechanism 78 Figure C-2 Lift vs wind speed for E-bird 10 -70 inclined angle 78 Figure D-1 Silicon wafer of orientation 81 Figure D-2 High temperature furnace for thermal oxidation 81 Figure D-3 Process flow positive and negative photoresist 82 Figure D-4 TMAH etching setup at 60 ℃ and 25% 85 Figure D-5 TMAH etching after 1 hour 85 Figure D-6 TMAH etching after 3 hour 86 Figure D-7 TMAH etching after 12 hour 86 Figure D-8 TMAH etching after 24 hour 87 Figure D-9 TMAH 25% etching rate at 60℃ 87 Figure E-1 Flight trajectory 88 Figure E-2 Mesh formation for both corrugated and flat wing. 89 Figure E-3 The instant velocity contours around a corrugated airfoil 90 Figure E-4 Setup for finding lift 91 Figure E-5 Setup for drag 91 Figure E-6 Generation of lift and drag from corrugated wing 91 Figure E-7 Lift and drag trend and drag tend from corrugated wing 92 Figure E-8 Generation of lift and drag from flat wing 92 Figure E-9 Lift and drag trend and drag tend from corrugated wing 92 LIST OF TABLE Table 1.1 Various artificial wings fabricated using different wing and material 11 Table 2.1 Wing parameter 27 Table 3.1 Parameters of the mechanism used 29 Table 3.2 Component weight distribution for Evans and E-bird mechanism 30 Table 3. 3 Specification of wind tunnel 37 Table 4.1 Mechanical properties of natural insect and artificial insect candidature 45 Table 5.1 Comparison between different wing 62 Table D.1 Etching rate for TMAH 87 |
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