本論文主要為研究銀奈米流體於溝槽式熱管與燒結式熱管之性能影響。實驗中之銀奈米顆粒之粒徑為10奈米與35奈米。在實驗過程以量測奈米流體與純水充填於熱管之溫差，進而計算其熱阻來比較其性能差異。溝槽式熱管於30~60W輸入功率下，當工作流體為銀奈米流體時其熱阻較純水充填熱管之降低範圍在10%~80%。另外，實驗結果顯示溝槽式熱管之熱阻，隨著銀奈米流體濃度與銀奈米顆粒之上升，而有較低之熱阻。在燒結式熱管於輸入功率為30~50W時，銀奈米流體熱管之溫差，相較於純水熱管小了0.56℃~0.65℃。此外，銀奈米流體充填於燒結式熱管中，可達70W之操作功率，相較於工作流體為純水時高了20W之操作功率
第二部份為研究銀奈米流體之濃度與粒徑，於銅板試片表面沾溼性之影響。實驗結果顯示，表面沾溼性隨著銀奈米流體濃度與粒徑而改變。另外，研究中主要發現奈米顆粒成份比重，奈米多孔結構之分佈及奈米流體濃度為主要影響接觸角變化之主要因素。
第三部份將初步探討奈米流體於熱管之提升熱傳機制(有效熱傳導係數，表面沾溼性及對流熱傳)。由於表面沾溼性的改變，導致毛細作用力,臨界熱通量及冷凝效果之提升。因此，奈米流體改變表面沾溼性為熱管性能提昇之主要機制。

The purpose of this thesis is to study the effects of silver nano-fluids on grooved heat pipe and sintered heat pipe thermal performance. The nano-fluid used in this study is an aqueous solution of 10 nm and 35nm diameter silver nanoparticles. The experiment was performed to measure the temperature distribution and compare the heat pipe thermal resistance using nano-fluid and DI-water. The experimental result of grooved heat pipe showed that thermal resistance decreased 10%~80% compared to DI-water at an input power of 30~60W. And the measured results also show that the thermal resistances of the heat pipe decrease as the silver nanoparticle size and concentration increase. The experimental result of sintered heat pipe, the nano-fluids filled heat pipe temperature distribution demonstrated that the temperature difference decreased 0.56~0.65℃ compared to DI-water at an input power of 30~50W. And the nano-fluid as working medium in heat pipe can up to 70W and is higher than pure water about 20W.

In addition, the characteristics of silver nano-fluid concentrations and sizes on copper plate surface wettability were investigated. The experimental results presented that the surface wettability changed with the nano-fluid concentrations and particle sizes. The most significant finding was that the nanoparticle composition percentage, nano-porous layer distribution and particle concentration were influenced mainly by the contact angle.

The fundamental mechanisms (effective thermal conductivity, surface wettability and convective heat transfer) of enhanced heat transfer for heat pipes have taken the first step to investigate. The results showed that surface wettability enhancement can be mainly mechanism in improved the heat pipe thermal performance. Due to a significant increase in wettability, thus leading to the capillary force, critical heat flux and condensation enhancement.

Table of Content
Acknowledgements   I
Abstract (Chinese) II
Abstract (English) IV
Table of Content   VI
List of Figure     IX
List of Table      XII
Nomenclature       XIII
Chapter 1 Introduction	1
1.1 Motivation and Background	1
1.2 Literature Review	2
1.2.1 Review of Heat Pipes	2
1.2.1.1 Basic Concepts of Heat Pipes	2
1.2.1.2 Literature Review of Heat Pipes	4
1.2.2 Review of Nano-fluids	7
1.2.2.1 Basic Concepts	7
1.2.2.2 Effective Thermal Conductivity	8
1.2.2.3 Convective Heat Transfer	17
1.2.2.4 Critical Heat Flux and Surface Wettability	20
1.3 Nano-fluid Application in Heat Pipes	24
1.3.1 Heat Pipes	24
1.3.2 Thermosyphon	26
1.3.3 Oscillating Heat Pipe	29
Chapter 2 Heat Pipe Thermal Performance	32
2.1 Experimental Setup and Procedure	32
2.1.1 Experimental Setup	32
2.1.2 Test Procedure	35
2.2 Experimental Results	36
2.2.1 Grooved Heat Pipe	36
2.2.1.1 Effect of Nanoparticle Concentration	36
2.2.1.2 Effect of Nanoparticle Size	39
2.2.1.3 Preliminary Summary	42
2.2.2 Sintered Heat Pipe	43
2.2.2.1 Effect of Nanoparticle Concentration	43
2.2.2.2 Effect of Nanoparticle Size	48
2.2.2.3 Preliminary Summary	50
Chapter 3 Surface Wettability	51
3.1 Experimental Setup and Procedure	51
3.2 Experimental Results	52
3.3 Preliminary Summary	58
Chapter 4
Enhanced Mechanisms of Heat Transfer in Nano-fluid Heat Pipe	59
4.1 Effective Thermal Conductivity	59
4.2 Surface Wettability	63
4.2.1 Capillary Phenomena	63
4.2.2 Critical Heat Flux	63
4.2.3 Condensation	67
4.3 Convective Heat Transfer	69
4.4 Preliminary Summary	70
Chapter 5 Summary and Conclusions	72
5.1 Summary	72
5.2 Conclusions	72
Reference	75
Appendix I Experimental data of groved heat pipe	86
Appendix II Experimental data of sintered heat pipe	93
Appendix III Experimental uncertainty analysis	97
Publication List                                      111

                    List of Figure
Fig.1 Heat pipe working principle	2
Fig.2 Equivalent thermal resistance of a heat pipe	4
Fig.3 Comparision of experiemntal data on thermal conductivity of nanofluids	16
Fig.4 Measured values of the thermal resistance of heat pipe with nano-fluids	25
Fig.5 Boiling heat transfer of nano-fluids under 7.4kPa on grooved surfaces	25
Fig.6 Effect of the mass concentration of nanoparticles on the heat resistance	26
Fig.7 Thermal resistance of the thermosyphons at different heat flow rates	27
Fig.8 Total heat resistances of thermosyphon using water and nano-fluid	28
Fig.9 hermal resistance of the thermosyphon with different nanofluids as compared to pure water	28
Fig.10 Effect of nano-fluid on the heat transport capability in OHP	29
Fig.11 Thermal resistance at various heat loads and operating temperatures	30
Fig.12 Thermal performance of silver nano-fluid filled OHP and pure water filled OHP at various heat load……………………….…………..31
Fig.13 TEM micrograph of 10 nm (Left) and 35 nm (Right) Ag nanoparticles	32
Fig.14 (a) Schematic of the experimental setup and (b) Thermocouple distributions on the tested heat pipe	34
Fig.15 Average temperature of heat pipe distribution in different heat load and concentration (10 nm)	38
Fig.16 Average temperature of heat pipe distribution in different heat load and concentration (35 nm)	39
Fig.17 Measured value of thermal resistance of heat pipe with nano-fluid prepared under different conditions	42
Fig.18 Average temperature of heat pipe distribution in different heat load and concentration (10 nm)	45
Fig.19 Average temperature of heat pipe distribution in different heat load and concentration (35 nm)	47
Fig.20 Effect of particle concentration on the temperature difference of heat pipe under various input power	48
Fig.21 Effect of particle size on the temperature difference of heat pipe under different input power	50
Fig.22 Effect of silver nanoparticle concentration on contact angle	53
Fig.23 The OM image of evaporated droplet(Pure Water and 10nm)	55
Fig.24 The OM image of evaporated droplet (35nm)	55
Fig.25 The SEM image of outside (a) and inside(b) on evaporated droplet (35nm)	56
Fig.26 Comparison of thermal resistance between experimental and theatrical	62
Fig.27 Illustrations on high power density apply to the evaporator section of the heat pipe	64
Fig.28 Liquid layer concept of CHF phenomena	65
Fig.29 Illustrations the effect of porous layer on capillarity	66
Fig.30 Illustrations the effect of wettability and liquid film thickness on condensation	68

                    List of Table
Table 1 Measured Effective Thermal Conductivity(keff) of Nanofluids	99
Table 2 Experimental Investigation on Convective Heat transfer Coefficient of Nanofluids (hnf)	104
Table 3 Experimental Investigation on Critical Heat Flux of Nanofluids (CHF)nf and Pool Boiling Performance (PBP) nf	106
Table 4 Experimental Investigations on Nanofluids Filled in Heat Pipes	109
Table 5 Results of the compositions of rim on droplet, analyzed by FE-SEM EDS	57
Table 6 Thermal conductivity of working fluid	60
Table 7 The specification of grooved heat pipe	60

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