系統識別號 | U0002-0503201809282500 |
---|---|
DOI | 10.6846/TKU.2018.00148 |
論文名稱(中文) | 窄式閲讀對於閲讀速度的影響和學生的看法 |
論文名稱(英文) | Narrow Reading: Effects on reading speed and learner perspectives |
第三語言論文名稱 | |
校院名稱 | 淡江大學 |
系所名稱(中文) | 英文學系博士班 |
系所名稱(英文) | Department of English |
外國學位學校名稱 | |
外國學位學院名稱 | |
外國學位研究所名稱 | |
學年度 | 106 |
學期 | 1 |
出版年 | 107 |
研究生(中文) | 雷凱 |
研究生(英文) | Guy Redmer |
學號 | 802110212 |
學位類別 | 博士 |
語言別 | 英文 |
第二語言別 | |
口試日期 | 2017-01-05 |
論文頁數 | 183頁 |
口試委員 |
指導教授
-
黃月貴 博士
委員 - 陳純音 委員 - 卓江 委員 - 林怡弟 委員 - 林銘輝 |
關鍵字(中) |
窄式閱讀 自動化歷程 閱讀流暢性 閱讀速度 |
關鍵字(英) |
narrow reading automaticity reading fluency reading rate/speed |
第三語言關鍵字 | |
學科別分類 | |
中文摘要 |
本文旨在研究「窄式閱讀」(narrow reading)對學生閱讀流暢性的影響。由於作者發現目前只有一篇研究論及窄式閱讀對學生閱讀效率的影響,因而試圖填補現存文獻中的空白。本文探討以下議題:(1)窄式閱讀是否對大學英語學習者的閱讀效率造成顯著的影響?(2)研究對象對於窄式閱讀看法為何?本研究總計有39位大二學生參與為期四週的訓練過程。參與者皆為淡江非英文系學生。學生小組皆閱讀三份特定主題的連續性時事新聞。遴選材料時,作者已將學生閱讀能力納入考量,且都以詞彙特色作為分析對象。每個訓練過程皆進行個別分析。不論題材為何,三份數據結果一致顯示:這些學生的閱讀速度有顯著進步。此外,每當題材難度增加時,學生的閱讀速度也依舊維持既有速度。尤其是閱讀速度。窄式閱讀也可作為學生課堂彈性活動,只要題材對學生有吸引力。因此,作者總結:窄式閱讀可以成為一種增進學生閱讀流暢度的有效方法。 |
英文摘要 |
The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of narrow reading (NR) on reading fluency. The author aims to fill a gap in existing literature in which there is very little on NR, and only a single inquiry about its effects on reading rate. Specifically, this study explores the following questions: Does a NR treatment have any significant effects on the reading rates of university EFL learners? What are participant perspectives toward NR? A total of 39 second-year university students participated in the treatments for four weeks. All of the participants were non-English majors enrolled in Tamkang University. The group read three sets of thematically related running news stories. The texts were controlled for reading level and analyzed for lexical features. Data from each treatment was analyzed separately. The results for all three data sets consistently showed significant gains in reading speed, regardless of topic. Additionally, gains appeared to be sustained even when reading difficulty slightly increased. Semi-structured interviews reflected a general learner perception that NR was beneficial, particularly for reading speed, and that it could be a select activity, but only if the topic is of interest. Thus, the author concludes that NR may be a highly effective means of enhancing reading fluency. |
第三語言摘要 | |
論文目次 |
Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………..i Chinese Abstract…………………..………………………………………………………………ii English Abstract…………….…………………………………………………………………….iii Table of Contents…………………...……………………………………………………………..v List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………..ix List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………..x Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background and Issues 1 1.1.1 Fluency 1 1.1.2 Definition of narrow reading 3 1.2 Purpose of the Study 3 1.3 Research Questions 4 1.4 Significance of the study 4 Chapter 2 Literature Review 6 2.1 L1 Reading Fluency 6 2.1.1 Automaticity 6 2.1.2 Repeated reading 13 2.1.3 Timed reading 18 2.2 L2 Reading Fluency 20 2.2.1 Automaticity 20 2.2.2 Automaticity and reading rate 24 2.2.3 Repeated reading 31 2.2.4 Timed reading 34 2.2.5 Narrow reading: vocabulary acquisition 38 2.2.6 Narrow reading and corpus analysis 41 2.2.7 Narrow reading experimental studies 46 Chapter 3 Method 52 3.1 Basic Parameters 52 3.1.1 Participant characteristics 52 3.1.2 Participant proficiency level 52 3.1.3 Settings 53 3.2 Research Design 54 3.2.1 Materials 54 3.2.2 Procedures 63 3.2.3 Data analysis 65 3.2.4 Learner perspectives 66 Chapter 4 Results 67 4.1 General Descriptives of Reading Rates and Comprehension 67 4.1.1 Set 1 67 4.1.2 Set 2 68 4.1.3 Set 3 69 4.2 Tests for Significance 70 4.2.1 Set 1 70 4.2.2 Set 2 73 4.2.3 Set 3 75 4.3 Learner Perspectives toward NR 78 4.3.1 Reading difficulty 79 4.3.2 Word recognition 82 4.3.3 NR as a practice 84 Chapter 5 Discussion 87 5.1 Reading Materials 87 5.2 Vocabulary Load 88 5.3 Reading Difficulty 89 5.4 Measured Effects 90 5.4.1 Reading rate 90 5.4.2 Participant views 90 5.5 Conclusion 93 5.5.2 Pedagogical implications 94 5.5.3 Limitations of the study 96 5.5.4 Suggestions for future research 98 References 99 Appendix A: Lexical Profile of Set 1 113 Appendix B: Lexical Profile of Set 2 132 Appendix C: Lexical Profile of Set 3 154 Appendix D: Semi-structured interview questions 177 Appendix E: Semi-structured interview full transcript 178 |
參考文獻 |
References Akamatsu, N. (2005). Effects of second language reading proficiency and first language orthography on second language word recognition. In V. Cook & B. Bassetti (Eds.), Second language writing systems (238-259). Buffalo, NY: Multilingual Matters. Allington, R.L. (1983). Fluency: The neglected goal. The Reading Teacher, 32(3), 556-561. Armagan, K.S., & Genc, Z.S. (2017). Impact of timed reading on comprehension and speed: A study on Turkish EFL learners. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(3), 204-216. Atkins, A. (2010). Timed reading: Increasing reading speed and fluency. In A.M. Stoke (Ed.), JALT 2009 conference proceedings (662-671). Tokyo: JALT. Breznitz, Z. (1987). Increasing first graders’ reading accuracy and comprehension by accelerating their reading rates. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 236-242. Breznitz, Z. (2006). Fluency in reading: Synchronization of Processes. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates. Breznitz, Z. (2001). The determinants of reading fluency: A comparison of dyslexic and average readers. In M. Wolf (Ed.), Dyslexia, fluency and the brain (245-276). Timonium, MD: York Press. Breznitz, Z., & Share, D. (1992). Effects of accelerated reading rate on memory for text. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 193-199. Carver, R. P. (1982). Optimal rate of reading prose. Reading Research Quarterly, 18(1), 56. Carver, R. P. (1991). Reading rate: A review of research and theory. San Diego: Academic Press. Chang, A. (2012). Improving reading rate activities for EFL students: Timed reading and repeated oral reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 24(1), 56-83. Chang, A. (2010). The effect of a timed reading activity on EFL learners: Speed, comprehension, and perceptions. Reading in a Foreign Language, 22(2), 43-62. Chang, A., & Millett, S. (2013). Improving reading rates and comprehension through timed repeated reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 25(2), 126-148. Chang, A., & Millet, S. (2017). Narrow reading: Effects on EFL learners’ reading speed, comprehension, and perceptions. Reading in a Foreign Language, 29(1), 1-19. Chen, C., & Truscott, J. (2010). The effects of repetition and L1 lexicalization on incidental vocabulary acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 31(5), 693-713. Cho, K.S., Ahn, K.O., & Krashen, S. (2005). The effects of narrow reading of authentic texts on interest and reading ability in English as a foreign language. Reading Improvement, 42(1), 58-64. Cho, K.S., & Krashen, S. (1994). Acquisition of vocabulary from the Sweet Valley Kids series: Adult ESL acquisition. Journal of Reading, 37(8), 662-667. Cho, K.S., & Krashen, S., (1995a). Becoming a dragon: Progress in English as a second language through narrow free voluntary reading. California Reader, 29, 9-10. Cho, K.S., & Krahsen, S., (1995b). From Sweet Valley Kids to Harlequins in one year. California English, 1(1), 18-19. Chung, M., & Nation, I.S.P. (2006). The effect of a speed-reading course. English Teaching, 61(4), 181-204. Cobb, T. (2014). Web VocabProfile (Version 4). Available from www.lextutor.ca Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. Coxhead, A. (2000). A new academic word list. TESOL Quarterly 34(2), 213-238. Crossley, S.A., Greenfield, J., & McNamara, D.S. (2008). Assessing text readability using cognitively based indices. TESOL Quarterly, 42(3), 475-493. Crossley, S.A., Allen, D., & McNamara, D.S. (2011). Text readability and intuitive simplification: A comparison of readability formulas. Reading in a Foreign Language, 23(1), 84-102. Deno, S.L., Marston, D., Shinn, M.R., & Tindal, G. (1983). Oral reading fluency: A simple datum for scaling reading disability. Topics in Learning and Learning Disabilities, 2(4), 53-59. Ehri, L.C., (1991). Development of the ability to read words. In R. Barr, M. Kamii, P. Mosenthal, & P. Pearson (Eds.), Handbook of reading research (Vol. 2, 383-417). New York: Longman. Ehri, L.C., (1992). Reconceptualizing the development of sight-word reading and its relationship to recoding. In P. Gough, L.C. Ehri, & R. Treiman (Eds.), Reading acquisition (107-143). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Ehri, L.C., & McCormick, S. (1998). Phases of word learning: Implications for instruction with delayed and disabled readers. Reading and Writing Quarterly: Overcoming Learning Difficulties, 14(2), 135-164. Eskey, D.E. (1988). Holding in the bottom: An interactive approach to the language problems of second language readers. In P. Carrell, J. Devine, & D. Eskey (Eds.), Interactive approaches to second language reading (93-100). Cambridge: Cambridge University. Fraser, C. A. (2007). Reading rate in L1 Mandarin Chinese and L2 English across five reading tasks. The Modern Language Journal, 91(3), 372-394. Fuchs, L.S., Fuchs, D., & Maxwell, L. (1988). The validity of informal reading comprehension measures. Remedial and Special Education, 9, 20-28. Fukkink, R.G., Hulstijin, J., & Simis, A. (2005). Does training in second-language word recognition skills affect reading comprehension? An experimental study. The Modern Language Journal, 89(1), 54-75. Gardner, D. (2008). Vocabulary recycling in children’s authentic reading materials: A corpus-based investigation of narrow reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 20(1), 92-122. Gorsuch, G., & Taguchi, E. (2008). Repeated reading for developing reading fluency and reading comprehension: The case of EFL learners in Vietnam. System, 36, 253-278. Grabe, W. (2009). Reading in a second language: moving from theory to practice. New York: Cambridge University Press. Graesser, A.C., McNamara, D.S., Louwerse, MM., & Cai, Z. (2004). Coh-Metrix: Analysis of text on cohesion and language. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(2), 193-202. Graesser, A.C., McNamara, D.S., & Kulikowich, J.M. (2011). Coh-metrix: Providing multilevel analyses of text characteristics. Educational Research 40(5), 223-234. Han, ZH. & D’Angelo, A. (2009). Balancing between comprehension and acquisition: proposing a dual approach. In ZH. Han, & N. Anderson (Eds.), Second language reading research and instruction: Crossing the boundaries (173-191). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Herman, P. (1985). The effect of repeated readings on reading rate, speech pauses, word recognition accuracy. Reading Research Quarterly, 20, 553-564. Hirsh, D. & Nation, I.S.P. (1992). What vocabulary size is needed to read unsimplified texts for pleasure? Reading in a Foreign Language, 8(2), 689-696. Homan, S., Klesius, P., & Hite, S. (1993). Effects of repeated readings and nonrepetitive strategies on students’ fluency and comprehension. Journal of Educational Research, 87, 94-99. Hudson, R.F., Lane, H.B., & Pullen, P.C. (2005). Reading fluency assessment and instruction: What, why, and how? The Reading Teacher, 58(8), 702-714. Johns, J.L. (1993). Informal Reading Inventories. DeKalb, IL: Communitech. Kang, E. Y. (2015). Promoting L2 vocabulary learning through narrow reading. RELC Journal, 46(2), 165-179. Kinsella, K. (2014). Cutting to the common core: The benefits of narrow reading units. Language Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.languagemagazine.com/?page_id=47231 Krashen, S. (2004). The case for narrow reading. Language Magazine, 3(5), 17-19. Kuhn, M.R., & Stahl, S.A. (2000). Fluency: A review of developmental and remedial practices. Ann Arbor: MI: Center for the Improvement of Early Reading Achievement. Kuhn, M.R., & Stahl, S.A. (2003). Fluency: A review of developmental and remedial practices. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(1), 3-21. Kyongho, H. & Nation, P. (1989). Reducing the vocabulary load and encouraging vocabulary learning through reading newspapers. Reading in a Foreign Language, 6(1), 323-335. LaBerge, D., & Samuels, S.J. (1974). Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 293-323. Levy, B., Abello, B., & Lysynchuk, L. (1997). Transfer from word training to reading in context: Gains in reading fluency and comprehension. Learning Disabilities Quarterly, 20, 173-188. Martin-Chang, S., & Levy, B. (2005). Fluency transfer: Differential gains in reading speed and accuracy following isolated word and context training. Reading and Writing 18, 343-376. Martin-Chang, S., & Levy, B. (2006). Word reading fluency: A transfer appropriate processing account of fluency transfer. Reading and Writing 19, 517-542. Mathes, P.G., & Fuchs, L.S. (1993). Peer-mediated reading instruction in special education resource rooms. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 8, 233-243. McNamara, D.S., & Graesser, A.C. (2011). Coh-Metrix: An automated tool for theoretical and applied natural language processing. In P.M. McCarthy & C. Boonthum-Denecke (Eds.), Applied natural language processing: Identification, investigation and resolution (188-205). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. McNamara, D.S., Graesser, A.C., McCarthy, P.M., & Cai, Z. (2014). Automated evaluation of text and discourse with coh-metrix. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Meyer, M. S., & Felton, R. H. (1999). Repeated reading to enhance fluency: Old approaches and new directions. Annals of Dyslexia, 49(1), 283-306. Min, H. (2008). EFL vocabulary acquisition and retention: Reading plus vocabulary enhancement activities and narrow reading. Language Learning, 58(1), 73-115. Mitchell, D.C., (1984). An evaluation of subject-paced reading tasks and other methods for investigating immediate processes in reading. In D.E. Kieras & M.A. Just (Eds.), New Methods in Reading Comprehension Research (69-89). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mitchell, D.C., Green, D.W., (1978). The effects of context and content on immediate processing in reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 30(4), 609-636. Nation, P. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening? Canadian Modern Language Review, 63(1), 59-82. Nation, P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nation, P. (2011). Teaching vocabulary: strategies and techniques. Boston, Mass: Heinle. National Reading Panel, & National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (2000). Report of the National Reading Panel: Teaching children to read: an evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction: Reports of the subgroups. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health. Nuttall, C. (1996). Teaching reading skills in a foreign language. Oxford: Heinemann. Perfetti, C., & Hogaboam, T. (1975). Relationship between single word decoding and reading comprehension skill. Journal of Educational Psychology, 67(4), 461-469. Peters, E., Hulstijn, J. H., Sercu, L., & Lutjeharms, M. (2009). Learning L2 German vocabulary through reading: The effect of three enhancement techniques compared. Language Learning, 59(1), 113-151. Rashotte, C.A., & Torgesen, J.K. (1985). Repeated reading and reading fluency in learning disabled children. Reading Research Quarterly, 20, 180-188. Rasinski, T. (1990). Effects of repeated reading and listening-while-reading on reading fluency. Journal of Educational Research 83(3), 147-151. Rott, S. (1999). The effect of exposure frequency on intermediate language learners’ incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 21(4), 589-619. Samuels, S.J., (2002). Reading fluency: Its development and assessment. In S.J. Samuels & A. Farstrup (Eds.), What research has to say about reading instruction (pp. 166-183). Newark, DE: International Reading Association. Samuels, S.J., (1979). The method repeated readings. The Reading Teacher, 32, 403-408. Samuels, S.J., (1994). Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading revisited. In R. Ruddell, M. Ruddell, & H. Singer. (Eds.), Theoretical models and processes of reading (816-837). Newark, DE: International Reading Association. Schmitt, N., (2000). Vocabulary in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schmitt, N., & Carter, R. (2000). The lexical advantages of narrow reading for second language learners. TESOL Journal, 9(1), 4-9. Schmitt, N., Schmitt, D., & Clapham, C. (2001). Developing and exploring the behaviours of two new versions of the Vocabulary Levels Test. Language Testing, 18, 55-88. Segalowitz, N. (2000). Automaticity and attentional skill in fluent performance. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Segalowitz, N., & Hulstijin, J. (2005). Automaticity in bilingualism and second language learning. In J. Kroll & A.M.B. de Groot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (371-388). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Segalowitz, N., Poulsen, C., & Segalowitz, S., (1999). RT coefficient of variation is differentially sensitive to executive control involvement in an attention switching task. Brain and Cognition, 40, 255-258. Segalowitz, N., & Segalowitz, S. J. (1993). Skilled performance, practice, and the differentiation of speed-up from automatization effects: Evidence from second language word recognition. Applied Psycholinguistics, 14(03), 369. Segalowitz, S.J., Segalowitz, N., & Wood, A. (1998). Assessing the development of automaticity in second language word recognition. Applied Psycholinguistics, 19, 53-67. Segalowitz, N., Watson, V., & Segalowitz, S.J. (1995). Vocabulary skill: single case assessment of automaticity of word recognition in a timed lexical decision task. Second Language Research, 11, 121-136. Stanovich, K. E. (2000). Progress in understanding reading scientific foundations and new frontiers. New York: Guilford Press. Stanovich, K.E. (1980). Toward an interactive-compensatory model of individual differences in the development of reading fluency. Reading Research Quarterly, 16, 32-71. Stanovich, K.E., West, R.F., & Freeman, D.J. (1981). A longitudinal study of sentence context effects in second-grade children: Tests of an interactive compensatory model. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 32, 185-189. Sutarsyah, C., Nation, P., & Kennedy, G. (1994). How useful is EAP vocabulary for ESP? A corpus based case study. RELC Journal, 25(2), 34-50. Taguchi, E. (1997). The effects of repeated readings on the development of lower identification skills of FL readers. Reading in a Foreign Language, 11, 97-119. Taguchi, E., & Gorsuch, G. (2002). Transfer effects of repeated EFL reading on reading new passages: A preliminary investigation. Reading in a Foreign Language, 14(1), 43-65. Taguchi, E., Takayasu-Maass, M., & Gorsuch, G. (2004). Developing reading fluency in EFL: How assisted repeated reading and extensive reading affect fluency development. Reading in a Foreign Language, 16(2), 70-96. Tan, A., & Nicholson, T. (1997). Flashcards revisited: Training poor readers to read words faster improves their comprehension of text. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 276-288. Tenenbaum, H.A., & Wolking, W.D. (1989). Effects of oral reading rate and inflection on intraverbal responding. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 7(1), 83-89. Van Bon, W.H., Boksebeld, L.M., Font-Freide, T.A., & Van den Hurke, A.J. (1991). A comparison of three methods of reading-while-listening. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 471-476. Wang, Y.H., & Kuo, T.T. (2011). A study of how repeated reading affects English recitation fluency in college students. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 34(2), 18-33. Webb, S. (2007). The effects of repetition on vocabulary knowledge. Applied Linguistics, 28(1), 46-65. Webb, S. (2008). The effects of context on incidental vocabulary learning. Reading in a Foreign Language, 20(2), 232-245. West, R.F., & Stanovich, K.E. (1978). Automatic contextual facilitation in readers of three ages. Child Development, 49, 717-727. Zahar, R., Cobb, T., & Spada, N. (2001). Acquiring vocabulary through reading: Effects of frequency and contextual richness. Canadian Modern Language Review, 57(4), 541-572. |
論文全文使用權限 |
如有問題,歡迎洽詢!
圖書館數位資訊組 (02)2621-5656 轉 2487 或 來信