20世紀60年代以前，尼加拉瓜教會被外界視為缺乏領導力、人力資源及牧會動力薄弱，政治上與「人民所討厭政府」結盟。但在短短十餘年內，尼加拉瓜卻竄出大量的解放神學推崇者，並投入反蘇慕薩政權的革命行列，使得尼加拉瓜成為少數因大量的天主教徒投入革命，最終成功推翻獨裁政權的案例之一。這樣的劇變激起筆者對該議題研究的動機。

本文係援引社會運動相關理論分析尼加拉瓜解放神學發展及蘇慕薩(Somoza)家族政權的崩解。透過對相關歷史文獻的蒐集、整理與分析，筆者試圖回答以下問題，包含拉丁美洲及尼加拉瓜解放神學之形成因素、信仰主張及實踐狀況，並探討該國政教關係及造成教會界對「改革」與「革命」路線選擇出現分岐的成因。

在本篇研究中，筆者亦整理蘇慕薩家族各時期之變化，包含政治、社會、經濟、心理、意識形態與信念的改變，進而分析出各時期發生社會運動或革命的可能性，解釋尼加拉瓜解放神學如何得利及受限於各階段之條件環境，最終得出解放神學對推翻蘇慕撒家族獨裁政權之貢獻與限制等若干結論。

Prior to the 60s of 20th century, Nicaraguan Church had been weak in leadership, lack of human resources and ability to carry out evangelic plans, while politically allied with the unpopular Somoza dictatorship. However, in a decade, thousands of Liberation Theology advocators emerged in Nicaragua, who participated in the revolution against the Somoza regime. Their participation made Nicaragua one of the few cases that many Catholics successfully overthrow the dictatorship. The dramatic change raises my desire into the study. 

This study employs a social movement perspective on the Nicaraguan Liberation Theology and the collapse of the Somoza dictatorship. Through historical documents analysis, I try to answer the following questions: the forming factors, beliefs, and practices of Liberation Theology in Latin America and Nicaragua, and also explore the Nicaraguan state-church relations and the causes of two approaches between “revolution” and “reform”.

With reviewing the changes in politics, economics, society, emotions, ideology and faith, I analyze the possibilities for social movement or revolution to develop among different periods and conditions, in order to conclude the contribution and limitation of Liberation Theology within the revolution.

第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究方法與章節安排 4
第三節 資料來源與研究限制 5

第貳章 解放神學與社會運動相關理論 7
第一節 拉丁美洲解放神學 7
第二節 社會運動相關理論 22
第三節 分析架構 32

第參章 蘇慕薩家族執政前期 (1937-1972) 34
第一節 穩固的國家社會結構與關係 34
第二節 從壓迫到解放的神學 45
第三節 分析與小結 56

第肆章 蘇慕薩家族執政後期 (1972-1979) 64
第一節 震盪的國家社會結構與關係 64
第二節 解放到革命的神學 75
第三節 分析與小結 89

第伍章 結論 97
《參考文獻》104

《參考文獻》
壹、中文部分
一、書籍專著
Aldon D. Morris, Carol McClurg Mueller，劉能譯，《社會運動理論的前沿領域》，北京，北京大學出版社，2002年
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George Ritzer, Douglas Goodman，鄭祖邦、柯朝欽譯，《社會學理論》，臺北市，美商麥格羅.希爾國際公司，2007年
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二、學術期刊
白方濟，〈馬克思．神學與解放神學〉，《當代》，第31期，1988年，頁36-43
何明修，〈涂爾幹與社會團結的源頭〉，《教育社會通訊》第36期，2002年，頁3-6 
何明修，〈政治民主化與環境運動的制度化(1993-1999)〉，《臺灣社會研究頁》，第50期，2003年，頁217-275
何明修，〈文化、構框與社會運動〉，《臺灣社會學刊》，第33期，2004年，頁157-199
何明修，<政治機會結構與社會運動研究>，《國立政治大學社會學刊》，第三十七期，2004年，頁33-80
袁東振，〈天主教會政治—社會立場的轉變與政治發展進程: 拉美實例〉，《拉丁美洲研究.》，第33卷2期，2011年，頁3-18

三、學位論文
黃富娟，《政治暴力之研究 : 以尼加拉瓜革命為例》，淡江大學拉丁美洲研究所碩士論文，臺北縣，2003年

四、網路資料
王昭文，〈「喊台獨」之外──長老教會政治關懷的演變〉，《新使者雜誌： 台灣基督長老教會──永遠的黨外》，第75期，2003年，http://newmsgr.pct.org.tw/Magazine.aspx?strTID=1&strISID=75&strMAGID=M2006051500237
金雁，〈金雁：宗教在波蘭轉型中的作用〉，《公法評論》，http://www.gongfa.com/html/gongfazhuanti/xianzhengzhuanxing/20130927/2435.html
〈社會運動〉，《中華百科全書》， http://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/data.asp?id=2257

貳、外文部分
一、書籍專著
Anderson, Thomas P., Politics in Central America: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1988
Batstone, David B., New Visions for the Americas: Religious Engagement and Social Transformation, Fortress Press, 1993
Betancourt, Ernesto, Revolutionary Strategy, Transaction Publishers, 1991
Brown, Robert McAfee, Gustavo Gutierrez: An Introduction to Liberation Theology, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2013
Cadorette, Curt, Liberation Theology: An Introductory Reader, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2004
Cardenal, Ernesto, Golden UFOs: The Indian Poems, Indiana University Press, 1992,
Carroll, Denis, What is Liberation Theology?, Gracewing Publishing, 1987
Conway, James F., Marx' and Jesus: Liberation Theology in Latin America, New York, Carlton press Inc., 1973
Crocitti, John J., Brazil Today 2 Volume Set: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic, ABC-CLIO, 2011,
Dobson, Alan P., US Foreign Policy Since 1945, Routledge, 2007
Dodson, Michael, and Laura Nuzzi O'Shaughnessy, Nicaragua's other revolution : religious faith and political struggle, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990
Dorrien, Gary J., The Making of American Liberal Theology: Crisis, Irony, and Postmodernity 1950-2005, Presbyterian Publishing Corp, 2006, 
Ferm, Deane W., Profiles in Liberation: 36 Portraits of Third World Theologians, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2004
Ferm, Deane W., Third World Liberation Theologies: An Introductory Survey, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2004
Galván, Javier A., Latin American Dictators of the 20th Century: The Lives and Regimes of 15 Rulers, McFarland, 2012
Gambone, Michael D., Capturing the Revolution: The United States, Central America, and Nicaragua, 1961-1972, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001,
Gambone, Michael D., Eisenhower, Somoza, and the Cold War in Nicaragua, 1953-1961, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997
Kirylo, James D., and Drick Boyd, Paulo Freire: His Faith, Spirituality, and Theology, Springer, 2017
McCann, Dennis P., Christian Realism and Liberation Theology: Practical Theologies in Creative Conflict, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2001
Morley, Morris H., Washington, Somoza, and the Sandinistas : state and regime in U.S. policy toward Nicaragua, 1969-1981, Cambridge University Press, 1994,
Mulligan, Joseph, The Nicaraguan Church and the Revolution, Sheed & Ward, 1991,
Murphy, John W., and Manuel J Caro, Uriel Molina and the Sandinista Popular Movement in Nicaragua, McFarland & Company, 2006,
Parsa, Misagh, States, Ideologies, and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of Iran, Nicaragua, and the Philippines, Cambridge University Press, 2000
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Ryan, Phil, Fall and Rise of the Market in Sandinista Nicaragua, McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 1995
Sabia, Debra, Contradiction and Conflict: The Popular Church in Nicaragua, University of Alabama Press, 2014
Salla, Michael E., The Hero's Journey Toward a Second American Century, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002
Schwaller, John Frederick, The History of the Catholic Church in Latin America: From Conquest to Revolution and Beyond, NYU Press, 2011
Smith, Christian, The Emergence of Liberation Theology: Radical Religion and Social Movement Theory, University of Chicago Press, 1991
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二、學術期刊
Cuzán, Alfred G., “Resource Mobilization and Political Opportunity in the Nicaraguan Revolution: The Theory” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 49, No. 4 (Oct., 1990), pp. 401-412
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Dodson, Michael, "The Politics of Religion in Revolutionary Nicaragua", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 483, 1986, pp. 36-49
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三、網路資料
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