在地廣人多的巴西，存在著一群被世界、當地社會排除的邊緣居民，他們住在城市的邊界，富人區的外圍，此區被稱為「Favela」（貧民窟），住條件惡劣的山坡上，彎曲複雜的小路，房子排排堆疊，充斥著毒品犯罪、團伙毆鬥、警察暴力、缺乏衛生設施等各種社會問題。

     孩童為國家未來發展的重要角色，而因受環境影響，邊緣孩童的人數眾多，成為國家治安與發展的阻力。本⽂欲從貧⺠窟背景、教育及社會納⼊的理論為起點，試探討，藉由巴西《孩童希望計劃》，被社會排除的邊緣孩童重回社會的可能性。

In such a big country with a grand population like Brasil, living a group of people who are forgotten by the world and excluded by the local society in the border of the city called Favela (which means slam in portuguese), composed of drug, crime, violence and also lacked of public service that makes big social problem. 

Children are the key role of the future development, however, influenced by the surrounding environment, it causes a great number of children on edge which become the burden to the nation. 

Starting with the background of favela, the theory of education and social inclusion, the research intends to discuss the possibility if children on edge in Brasil can re-socialize and go back (get included) to the society through the project “Criança Esperança”.

⽬次

第⼀章 緒論…………………………………………………………1
⼀、研究動機與⽬的………………………………………………1
⼆ 、研究⽅法與架構………………………………………………3
三、孩童希望計劃簡介……………………………………………6
（⼀）計劃緣起與⽬的……………………………………………5
（⼆）計劃類型與運作模式………………………………………8

第⼆章 社會發展理論回顧………………………………………11
⼀、社會排除理論………………………………………………11
⼆、社會納入理論………………………………………………15
（⼀）教育的意義與功能………………………………………15
（⼆）社會治安與犯罪防範……………………………………18
三、社會網絡、社會資本與價值形塑…………………………22

第三章 巴西貧民窟的緣起與發展 ………………………………29
⼀、巴西貧民窟的緣起背景……………………………………31
⼆、巴西邊陲孩童與其社會問題………………………………34
（⼀）邊緣孩童的定義…………………………………………34
（⼆）多⾯向的社會問題………………………………………36
三、巴西政府的對應政策………………………………………46

第四章 《孩童希望計劃》的檢視………………………………52
⼀、計劃的案例說明與成效分析………………………………54
⼆、計劃的⾏銷模式與影響……………………………………61
三、計劃的缺失與挑戰…………………………………………66

第五章 結論………………………………………………………73

參考資料…………………………………………………………78
表圖⽬次
圖⼀…………………………………………………………10
圖⼆…………………………………………………………30
圖三…………………………………………………………39
圖四…………………………………………………………40
圖五…………………………………………………………42
圖六…………………………………………………………67

表⼀…………………………………………………………24
表⼆…………………………………………………………30
表三…………………………………………………………58
表四…………………………………………………………70

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