本文研究廣義精神相關疾病對個人就業的影響，論文分為二部分，資料分別取自2005年『國民健康訪問暨藥物濫用調查』中12-64 歲個人問卷(國民健康訪問調查)與18-64 歲成年人自填問卷(藥物濫用調查)。其一分析民國94年『國民健康訪問調查』 (National Health Interview Survey, NHIS)(2005)年的資料，利用Trivariate Probit Model with IVs 模型探討18歲至65歲的男女性罹患精神疾病(包括憂鬱症、躁鬱症、焦慮症等)對個人就業的影響，以飼養寵物與各區域精神疾病盛行率為精神疾病的工具變數，且有別於假設宗教信仰為外生的文獻，嘗試檢定與處理個人宗教信仰與精神疾病的內生性問題，並以各區域宗教信仰盛行率為宗教信仰的工具變數。實證結果顯示：不論男女，罹患相關精神疾病對個人就業有顯著負向影響，邊際效果分別為-48.04%與-55.62%。其二分析民國94 年『藥物濫用調查』的資料，利用Trivariate Probit Model with IVs 模型探討18歲至65歲的男女性重度藥物濫用與重度酗酒對男女性個人就業的影響，以身旁好友是否使用毒品此變數為重度藥物濫用的工具變數，處理重度藥物濫用的內生性問題，並且以各區域重度酗酒盛行率與18歲前酗酒為重度酗酒的工具變數，處理重度酗酒的內生性問題。實證結果顯示：男性重度藥物濫用對個人就業有負向影響，且達統計顯著水準，邊際效果為-66.59%，而重度酗酒對個人就業造成負向影響，但未達統計顯著水準；然而就女性而言，我們並未發現重度藥物濫用與重度酗酒對就業有任何顯著影響。由實證結果我們建議相關當局能加強教育程度並提升相關精神疾病療效，預期能提高勞動市場利益並降低相關醫療支出與社會成本。

This thesis analyzed the impacts of psychiatric-related illness on the individual employment outcome by gender for 18 to 65-year-olds by using the data from 2005 "National Health Interview Survey and Drug Abuse" in the 12-64 year-old personal questionnaire (National Health Interview Survey) and 18-64 years adults self-administered questionnaire (Survey on Drug Abuse). It is divided into two parts.
The first part investigated the effects of psychiatric diseases, including major depression, manic depressive disorder and anxiety, on individual employment outcome by gender for 18 to 65-year-olds using data from "National Health Interview Survey" (NHIS). The Trivariate Probit Model with Instrumental variables used measures of the pet and the regional prevalence of psychiatric-related illness as instruments for mental illness in order to deal with the endogeneity problem between psychiatric-related illness and employment, and used the regional prevalence of religion as an instrument for regional variable for the sake of coping with the endogeneity problem between psychiatric-related illness and religion. Empirical results show that psychiatric -related illness is associated with lower rate of employment among males and females. The marginal effects are -48.04% and -55.62%.
The second part analyzed what the impacts of psychiatric-related illness on individual employment outcome by gender for 18 to 65-year-olds using data from "Survey on Drug Abuse". The Trivariate Probit Model with Instrumental variables used measures of peer effect for substance abuse variable to deal with the endogeneity problem between substance abuse problem and employment, and used the regional prevalence of heavy drinking and alcohol abuse before the age 18 as instruments for heavy drinking variable for the sake of coping with the endogeneity problem between heavy drinking and employment. Empirical results show that psychiatric-related illness is associated with lower rate of employment among males but not females, the marginal effect of substance abuse on employment for male is -66.59%.
Our findings suggest that improving education and expanding access to effective treatment of psychiatric-related illness may have significant labor market benefits.

第一章  緒論...............................................1
第一節  前言...............................................1
第二節  文獻回顧....................2
第二章  資料出處與變數定義.................8
第一節  資料來源.........................8
第二節  NHIS資料處理......................9
第三節  NHIS變數定義與敘述統計...................10
第四節  藥物濫用問卷之資料處理..................21
第五節  藥物濫用問卷之資料變數定義與敘述統計............22
第三章  實證模型設定....................29
第一節  NHIS資料庫TRIVARIATE PROBIT 模型.............29
第二節  藥物濫用問卷之TRIVARIATE PROBIT 模型............31
第四章  實證結果與分析..............34
第一節 NHIS資料庫之TRIVARIATE PROBIT 模型結果............34
第二節 藥物濫用資料庫之TRIVARIATE PROBIT 模型結果....38
第三節 討論.............54
第五章 結論...............58
第一節 結論............58
第二節 研究限制與未來發展...........60
參考文獻 (REFERENCES).....62
中文文獻..........62
英文文獻..........62
附錄............66
表目錄
表一  變數概述表.....13
表二  就業狀況與教育層級的分佈狀況.....13
表三  精神疾病與教育程度的分布狀況.....14
表四  宗教信仰與教育程度的分布狀況.....15
表五  宗教信仰男女性的比例狀況.....15
表六  精神疾病與飼養寵物的比例分布.....17
表七  女性樣本區域盛行率.....18
表八  男性樣本區域盛行率.....18
表九  男性敘述統計表—原樣本與迴歸樣本的比較.....19
表十  女性敘述統計表—原樣本與迴歸樣本的比較.....20
表十一  藥物濫用問卷-解釋變數概述表.....24
表十二  藥物濫用問卷男女性樣本區域盛行率.....25
表十三  藥物濫用問卷-男女性重度酗酒、藥物濫用與個人就業的分布.....25
表十四  藥物濫用問卷-男女性重度酗酒與重度藥物濫用的概況.....26
表十五  藥物濫用問卷-男性敘述統計表—原樣本與迴歸樣本的比較.....27
表十六  藥物濫用問卷-女性敘述統計表—原樣本與迴歸樣本的比較.....28
表十七  男性TRIVARIATE PROBIT MODEL--以國中肄業以下教育程度者為基準組.....42
表十八  女性TRIVARIATE PROBIT MODEL--以國中肄業以下教育程度者為基準組.....43
表十九  男性TRIVARIATE PROBIT MODEL--以國中肄業教育程度為基準組-將飼養寵物刪除.....44
表二十  女性TRIVARIATE PROBIT MODEL--以國中肄業教育程度為基準組-將飼養寵物刪除.....45
表二十一  男性UNIVARIATE PROBIT MODEL--以國中肄業以下教育程度者為基準組.....46
表二十二  女性UNIVARIATE PROBIT MODEL--以國中肄業以下教育程度者為基準組.....47
表二十三  男性就業(EMPLOYMENT)預測機率.....48
表二十四  女性就業(EMPLOYMENT)預測機率.....48
表二十五  工具變數飼養寵物拿掉與否男女性相較表.....49
表二十六  NHIS工具變數檢定.....50
表二十七  男性藥物濫用問卷TRIVARIATE PROBIT MODEL--以國小以下教育程度者為基準組.....51
表二十八  女性藥物濫用問卷TRIVARIATE PROBIT MODEL--以國小以下教育程度者為基準組.....52
表二十九  男性藥物濫用問卷TRIVARIATE PROBIT 就業預測機率.....53
表三十  女性藥物濫用問卷TRIVARIATE PROBIT 就業預測機率.....53
表三十一  藥物濫用問卷工具變數檢定.....53
表三十二  NHIS不同教育程度定義之TRIVARIATE PROBIT MODEL與主模型相較表.....56
表三十三  藥物濫用問卷之TRIVARIATE PROBIT MODEL--採較廣義定義吸食毒品整理表.....57
附錄.....66
附表一  相關精神疾病與物質濫用/依賴之文獻回顧.....66
附表二  男性檢視精神疾病與飼養寵物的內生性--以國中肄業以下者為基準組.....68
附表三  女性檢視精神疾病與飼養寵物的內生性--以國中肄業以下者為基準組.....68
附表四  男性檢視精神疾病與宗教信仰的內生性--以國中肄業以下者為基準組.....69
附表五  女性檢視精神疾病與宗教信仰的內生性--以國中肄業以下者為基準組.....69
附表六  男性BIVARIATE PROBIT模型--以國中肄業以下教育程度者為基準組.....70
附表七  女性BIVARIATE PROBIT模型--以國中肄業以下教育程度者為基準組.....70
附表八  男女性就業預測機率--BIVARIATE PROBIT模型.....71
附表九  全樣本TRIVARIATE PROBIT結果--以國中肄業以下教育程度者為基準組.....72
附表十  男性TRIVARIATE PROBIT結果--教育程度未分層.....73
附表十一  女性TRIVARIATE PROBIT結果--教育程度未分層.....74
附表十二  男性TRIVARIATE PROBIT結果--以大專教育程度為基準組.....75
附表十三  女性TRIVARIATE PROBIT結果--以大專教育程度為基準組.....76
附表十四  男性TRIVARIATE PROBIT結果--以國中小教育程度為基準組.....77
附表十五  女性TRIVARIATE PROBIT結果--以國中小教育程度為基準組.....78
附表十六  男女性就業預測機率--教育程度未分層級.....79
附表十七  男女性就業預測機率--教育程度以大專教育層級為基準組.....79
附表十八  男女性就業預測機率--教育程度以國中小教育層級為基準組.....80
附表十九  全樣本藥物濫用問卷TRIVARIATE PROBIT MODEL--以國中小以下教育程度者為基準組.....81
附表二十  男性藥物濫用問卷TRIVARIATE PROBIT MODEL--以國中小以下教育程度者為基準組.....82
附表二十一  女性藥物濫用問卷TRIVARIATE PROBIT MODEL--以國中小以下教育程度者為基準組.....83
附表二十二  男女性藥物濫用問卷TRIVARIATE PROBIT就業預測機率吸食毒品定義.....84

中文文獻
1.廖素慧(2010)嘉義報導: 養寵物可延緩罹患帕金森氏症。中國時報 100/04/12
2.謝佳容(2003)「青少年預防憂鬱症和心理健康促進」《健康促進暨衛生教育雜誌》 v.23：129-136
3.李惠斌與楊雪冬(2000)主編 : 社會資本與社會發展
4.吳惠巧 (2005) : 台灣宗教社會觀察
5.行政院內政部民政司http://www.moi.gov.tw/dca/02faith_001.aspx
6.行政院衛生署食品藥物管理局 http://www.fda.gov.tw/
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