薄膜蒸餾海水淡化用來製造純水提供民生及工業使用，因其優點特色為具有裝置簡潔、低能耗、可模組化、高介面面積等，為近來廣受重視的一種技術。然而，薄膜蒸餾因模組通道限制，對於系統產能有相當顯著的影響，此現象越明顯則產能相對低落。
    本研究針對薄膜蒸餾之主要設備進行效率改善的研究，目的為：(1)設計新型紊流促進因子(Eddy promoter) ，以求有效改善系統內部的溫度極化現象進而提升系統產能，並歸納出一經驗公式，描述此型式的紊流促進因子對於通道內部熱對流效應的影響；(2)藉由一維數學模型針對薄膜蒸餾設備的熱量與質量傳送機制進行研究，配合實驗分析以驗證經驗公式與數學模型的正確性；(3)探討設計參數及操作條件對於薄膜蒸餾系統之流體溫度分佈、溫度極化現象、純水透膜通量增加百分率與水力損耗提升百分率的影響。
    研究結果顯示，嵌入W型碳纖維直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統之理論值與實驗值的相對誤差總平均為9.17 %，而本研究設定新型擾流因子能夠有效的提升系統透膜通量，最高可達到單位面積的34.17%的增益。本研究以操作在低體積流率之設備為主，除了有效利用通道內熱側流體以降低操作成本外，經由改善後的設計可提升設備效能並得到增加透膜通量總產量的效果。

The modeling equations for predicting distillate flux in the flat-plate direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) module with inserting W-shaped carbon-fiber spacers of various hydrodynamic angles in flow channels were developed theoretical and experimentally.  The pure water productivity and temperature distributions of both hot and cold feed streams are represented graphically with the volumetric flow rate, inlet saline temperature as parameters, and the experimental data was incorporated with the slot opening of the spacers and hydrodynamic angle as parameters to validate the theoretical predictions.  A description of the average Nusselt number was made to evolve a correlation for a heat transfer coefficient correction factor in incorporating with experimental data.  The effects of operating and design parameters such as volumetric flow rate, slot opening and hydrodynamic angle of the spacers, and inlet saline temperature on pure water productivity and production energy efficiency were also delineated.

目錄
中文摘要	                                                   I
英文摘要	                                                  II
目錄	                                                 III
圖目錄	                                                  VI
表目錄	                                                 XII
第一章　緒論                                            	   1
　1-1引言	                                           1
　1-2薄膜蒸餾系統簡介	                                   5
　1-3研究動機與方向	                                   9
第二章　文獻回顧	                                       	  12
　2-1 薄膜蒸餾		                                  12
　2-2 紊流促進因子                                 	  15
第三章　理論分析	                                          18
　3-1直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾之熱量、質量傳送機制分析            	  18
　　3-1-1 直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾質傳機制之理論分析	          20
　　3-1-2 直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾熱傳機制之理論分析	          25
　　3-1-3 溫度極化現象與溫度極化係數	                  28
　3-2納賽數經驗公式建立與模型	                          30
　3-3直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統一維理論模型之建立	          33
　　3-3-1直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統一維理論模型	          33
　　3-3-2 理論數據取得與計算分析流程-朗吉庫塔數值解析方法	  38
　　3-3-3 實驗數據之取得與分析計算流程	                  43
　3-4 系統水力損耗	                                  47
　3-5 數學模擬參數之設定             	                  49
第四章　實驗分析	                                          52
　4-1 嵌入W型碳纖維板接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統		          52
　4-2 實驗步驟	                                          62
第五章　結果與討論	                                  63
　5-1 新型擾流直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統之納賽數經驗公式迴歸
分析	                                                  63
　5-2 平板型直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統	                          67
　　5-2-1 系統操作變因對於透膜通量之影響	                  67
　　5-2-2 溫度分佈與溫度極化現象	                          67
　5-3 添加紊流促進因子之平板型直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統	  81
　　5-3-1 紊流促進因子對於透膜通量之影響	                  81
　　5-3-2 溫度分佈與溫度極化現象	                          82
　5-4 模組設計參數於透膜通量與水力損耗之影響	         108
　　5-4-1 透膜通量增益程度與水力損耗提升程度	         108
　　5-4-2 透膜通量與水力損耗提升程度之比較	                 110
第六章　結論	                                         117
　6-1 新型紊流促進因子之納賽數經驗公式		         117
　6-2 平板型直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統	                         118
　6-3 添加紊流促進因子之平板型直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統	 118
　6-4 模組設計參數於透膜通量與水力損耗之影響	         119
符號說明	                                                 120
參考文獻	                                                 125
圖目錄
圖1-1-1	世界海水淡化使用技術比例	                           3
圖1-1-2	海水淡化成本	                                   3
圖1-2-1	薄膜蒸餾之操作型態	                           7
圖1-2-2	薄膜蒸餾之模組型式	                           7
圖1-3-1	研究架構圖	                                  11
圖3-1-1	薄膜蒸餾系統熱量及質量傳送機制示意圖	          19
圖3-1-2	薄膜蒸餾於薄膜內之質量傳送阻力模式	                  22
圖3-1-3	薄膜蒸餾之質量傳送阻力示意圖	                  25
圖3-1-4	熱量傳送之阻力串聯模式	                          25
圖3-1-5	溫度極化示意圖	                                  28
圖3-3-1	順流操作之平板型直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統示意圖	  34
圖3-3-2	逆流操作之平板型直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統示意圖	  36
圖3-3-3	朗吉庫塔法求解聯立方程組之計算示意圖 	          40
圖3-3-4	順流平板型薄膜蒸餾系統運算流程圖	                  41
圖3-3-5	逆流平板型薄膜蒸餾系統運算流程圖	                  42
圖3-3-6	不同操作流態之溫度分佈示意圖		          43
圖3-3-7	熱對流係數運算流程圖	                          46
圖4-1-1	順流平板型直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統簡圖	          53
圖4-1-2	逆流平板型直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統簡圖	          54
圖4-1-3	嵌入W型碳纖維板直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統實驗設備圖	  55
圖4-1-4	溢流桶實際圖	                                  56
圖4-1-5	嵌入W型碳纖維板直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾模組分解圖	          59
圖4-1-6	尼龍纖維支撐層示意圖碳纖維板規格圖	                  60
圖4-1-7	碳纖維板規格圖	                                  60
圖5-1-1	納賽數理論值與實驗值比較圖	                  66
圖5-2-1	順流操作下且熱側流體為純水時，不同操作參數對於透膜通量之影響	                                                  70
圖5-2-2	順流操作下且熱側流體為鹽水時，不同操作參數對於透膜通量之影響	                                                  71
圖5-2-3	逆流操作下且熱側流體為純水時，不同操作參數對於透膜通量之影響		                                          72
圖5-2-4	逆流操作下且熱側流體為鹽水時，不同操作參數對於透膜通量之影響		                                          73
圖5-2-5	順流狀態下且熱側流體為鹽水時，不同體積流率於主流區域與薄膜表面溫度分佈之影響	                                  76
圖5-2-6	逆流狀態下且熱側流體為鹽水時，不同體積流率於主流區域與薄膜表面溫度分佈之影響		                          77
圖5-2-7	順流狀態下且熱側流體為鹽水時，不同操作參數於溫度極化係數之影響	                                                  78
圖5-2-8	逆流狀態下且熱側流體為鹽水時，不同操作參數於溫度極化係數之影響	                                                  79

圖5-3-1	順流操作下且熱側流體為鹽水時，裝載寬度2 mm 90。之碳纖維支撐條，不同操作參數對於透膜通量之關係圖	                  83

圖5-3-2	順流操作下且熱側流體為鹽水時，裝載寬度2 mm 120。之碳纖維支撐條，不同操作參數對於透膜通量之關係圖	                  84
圖5-3-3	順流操作下且熱側流體為鹽水時，裝載寬度3 mm 90。之碳纖維板支撐條，不同操作參數對於透膜通量之關係圖	                  85
圖5-3-4	順流操作下且熱側流體為鹽水時，裝載寬度3 mm 120。之碳纖維支撐條，不同操作參數對於透膜通量之關係圖	                  86
圖5-3-5	逆流操作下且熱側流體為鹽水時，裝載寬度2 mm 90。之碳纖維支撐條，不同操作參數對於透膜通量之關係係圖                      88
圖5-3-6	逆流操作下且熱側流體為鹽水時，裝載寬度2 mm 120。之碳纖維支撐條，不同操作參數對於透膜通量之關係圖	                  88
圖5-3-7	逆流操作下且熱側流體為鹽水時，裝載寬度3 mm 90。之碳纖維板支撐條，不同操作參數對於透膜通量之關係圖	                  89
圖5-3-8	逆流操作下且熱側流體為鹽水時，裝載寬度3 mm 120。之碳纖維支撐條，不同操作參數對於透膜通量之關係圖	                  90
圖5-3-9	順流操作下(2mm)且熱側流體為鹽水時，不同水力角度與操作參數對於透膜通量之關係圖	                                  91
圖5-3-10 順流操作下(3mm)且熱側流體為鹽水時，不同水力角度與操作參數對於透膜通量之關係圖	                                  92
圖5-3-11 逆流操作下(2mm)且熱側流體為鹽水時，不同水力角度與操作參數對於透膜通量之關係圖	                                  93
圖5-3-12 逆流操作下(3mm)且熱側流體為鹽水時，不同水力角度與操作參數對於透膜通量之關係圖	                                  94
圖5-3-13 順流狀態下且熱側流體為鹽水時，不同碳纖維度支撐條寬度於主流區域與薄膜表面溫度分佈之影響	                         103
圖5-3-14 逆流狀態下且熱側流體為鹽水時，不同碳纖維度支撐條寬度於主流區域與薄膜表面溫度分佈之影響	                         104
圖5-3-15 順流狀態下且熱側流體為鹽水時，不同碳纖維板支撐條寬度與操作參數於溫度極化係數之影響	                         105
圖5-3-16 逆流狀態下且熱側流體為鹽水時，不同碳纖維板支撐條寬度與操作參數於溫度極化係數之影響	                         106
圖5-4-1	順流與逆流鹽水操作下，不同模組設計參數之理論透膜通量增益程度與水力耗損提升程度比較圖	                         115
表目錄
表1-1-1	地球表面受海洋及陸地覆蓋比例	                   2
表1-2-1	不同操作型態之薄膜蒸餾應用領域	                   8
表3-2-1	經驗式參數表	                                  30
表3-5-1	模組相關參數		                          49
表3-5-2	疏水性薄膜(聚四氟乙烯+聚丙烯複合膜)相關參數		  49
表3-5-3	流體相關參數	                                  50
表3-5-4	流體相關參數式	                                  51
表4-1-1	PTFE/PP複合膜之薄膜性質		                  61
表5-1-1	納賽數經驗公式所需實驗數據之操作變因表	          64
表5-2-1	順流操作下平板型直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統實驗值與理論值之相對誤差比較表	                                          74
表5-2-2	逆流操作下平板型直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統實驗值與理論值之相對誤差比較表	                                          75
表5-2-3	不同操作流向對於平均溫度極化係數之影響比較表	  80
表5-3-1	順流純水操作下嵌入W型碳纖維板直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統，實驗值與理論值之相對誤差比較表	                          95
表5-3-2	順流純水操作下嵌入W型碳纖維板直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統，實驗值與理論值之相對誤差比較表	                          96
表5-3-3	逆流純水操作下嵌入W型碳纖維板直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統，實驗值與理論值之相對誤差比較表	                          97
表5-3-4	逆流純水操作下嵌入W型碳纖維板直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統，實驗值與理論值之相對誤差比較表	                          98
表5-3-5	順流鹽水操作下嵌入W型碳纖維板直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統，實驗值與理論值之相對誤差比較表	                          99
表5-3-6	順流鹽水操作下嵌入W型碳纖維板直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統，實驗值與理論值之相對誤差比較表	                         100
表5-3-7	逆流鹽水操作下嵌入W型碳纖維板直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統，實驗值與理論值之相對誤差比較表	                         101
表5-3-8	逆流鹽水操作下嵌入W型碳纖維板直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統，實驗值與理論值之相對誤差比較表	                         102
表5-3-9	不同操作流向與模組於平均溫度極化係數之影響比較表	 107
表5-4-1	順流鹽水操作下嵌入W型碳纖維板直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾模組，不同碳纖維板支撐條寬度之理論透膜通量增益比例表	                 111
表5-4-2	逆流鹽水操作下嵌入W型碳纖維板直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾模組，不同碳纖維板支撐條寬度之理論透膜通量增益比例表	                 111
表5-4-3	順流鹽水操作下嵌入W型碳纖維板直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾模組，不同水力角度之理論透膜通量增益比例表	                         112
表5-4-4	逆流鹽水操作下嵌入W型碳纖維板直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾模組，不同水力角度之理論透膜通量增益比例表	                         113
表5-4-5	不同碳纖維板支撐條寬度之水力損耗提升程度比較表	 114
表5-4-6	順流及逆流鹽水操作下，不同模組設計參數之理論透膜通量增益程度與水力損耗提升程度比值表	                         116

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