光子奈米噴流有著光點遠小於入射光波長且能量集中的特性，因此可以提供檢測和成像尺寸遠低於繞射極限物質的方法。本研究提出一種具有金屬薄殼之穹型珠體的新穎製造技術，將感光性UV膠潤濕於家幽靈蛛（Pholcus phalangioides）的曳絲(dragline silk)上藉由蜘蛛絲的集水特性，蜘蛛絲表面自然會形成紡錘珠體(spindle-knots)，再將未固化的紡錘珠體與低表面能的白蠟平板接觸後，藉由白蠟的斥水效應將紡錘珠體變為微米穹型珠體(micro-dome)，接著使用真空濺鍍和濺鍍技術在穹體表面分別鍍上金、銀、銅及金銀薄殼，最後經由三種雷射光波長(405nm、532nm、671nm)照射下，產生光子奈米噴流。本研究使用時域有限差分法(Finite Difference Time Domain method，FDTD)模擬不同金屬薄殼之核殼穹體在不同入射光照射下，產生的光場分布及能量強度的變化。使用共軛焦顯微鏡系統觀察核殼穹體的光子奈米噴流現象，並撰寫Matlab程式分析光子奈米噴流現象的各種參數，如噴流焦距、衰減長度、半高全寬及能量強度等，並與數值模擬的參數做交互比較。本研究發現不同的金屬薄殼材料能夠改變金屬核殼穹體產生的光子奈米噴流特性，例如使聚焦效果變好、增加焦距、或增加聚焦強度，此研究未來可應用於高解析度光學顯微鏡中以觀察各種奈米級的目標物。

Photonic nanojets have two characteristics which are spot is much smaller than the wavelength of incident and the energy is concentrated , thus photonic nanojets can provide for detecting and imaging substance well below the size of diffraction limit size. This study proposes a novel method for manufacturing micro-domes with a thin metal shell. First, the photosensitive UV resin is wetted on the surface of the Pholcus phalangioides silk, owing to the water collecting characteristics of the spider silk, the surface of the spider silk naturally forms some spindle beads. After the uncured spindle beads touched with a white wax plate with low surface energy, the spindle beads are changed into micro-domes by the water-repellent effect of the white wax, and then the surface of the micro-dome is respectively plated with metal shell by vacuum sputtering and sputtering techniques. Finally, photonic nanojets are generated by irradiation of three kinds of laser light wavelengths (405 nm, 532 nm, 671 nm). In this study, the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is used to simulate the variation of the light field distribution and energy intensity of different metal shells irradiated by different laser incident light and the phenomenon of photonic nanojets in the core-shell by conjugated microscope system. The Matlab program is used to analyze various parameters of the photonic nanojets phenomenon, such as the focal length, decay length, the full width at half maximum and the energy intensity. Numerical simulations are compared with experimental results. This study found that different metal shell materials could change the photonic nanojets characteristics, such as increasing the focus effect, increasing the focal length and increasing the focus intensity. The results of this study will help to solve the problems of nano-scale image measurement in high-tech industry.

目錄
第一章	導論	1
1.1.	前言	1
1.2.	文獻回顧	4
1.2.1.	奈米噴流緣起	4
1.2.2.	蜘蛛絲結構與特性	9
1.2.3.	蜘蛛絲集水效應	13
1.2.4.	光固化珠體形成於蜘蛛絲表面的光子奈米噴流現象	17
1.3.	研究目的與架構	20
第二章	理論分析	22
2.1.	米氏散射理論	22
2.2.	金屬表面電漿共振效應	24
2.3.	光子奈米噴流特徵	25
2.4.	有限差分時域法
(Finite Difference Time Domain method，FDTD)	26
第三章	實驗設計	32
3.1.	實驗流程	32
3.2.	實驗步驟與器材	33
3.2.1.	蜘蛛絲採集	33
3.2.2.	微米穹型珠體製作	35
3.2.3.	真空濺鍍	38
3.2.4.	穹體光子奈米噴流的光學量測系統	43
第四章	結果與討論	49
4.1.	數值模擬	49
4.1.1.	模型建立	49
4.1.2.	數值模擬能量分佈圖	51
4.1.3.	微米穹體金屬薄殼的改變對光子奈米噴流的影響	51
4.1.3.1.	金屬核殼微米穹體能量分佈圖	52
4.1.4.	數值分析	57
4.1.4.1.	不同金屬薄殼穹體與光子奈米噴流焦距關係	57
4.1.4.2.	不同金屬薄殼穹體與光子奈米噴流半高全寬關係	58
4.1.4.3.	不同金屬薄殼穹體與光子奈米噴流衰減長度關係	59
4.1.4.4.	不同金屬薄殼穹體與光子奈米噴流強度關係	60
4.2.	光子奈米噴流的光學量測	64
4.2.1.	穹體的光學量測	64
4.2.2.	光子奈米噴流之參數分析	66
4.2.2.1.	單位正規化	66
4.2.2.2.	無殼微米穹體之實驗參數分析	68
4.2.2.3.	單層金薄殼微米穹體之實驗參數分析	71
4.2.2.4.	單層銀薄殼微米穹體之實驗參數分析	74
4.2.2.5.	單層銅薄殼微米穹體之實驗參數分析	77
4.2.2.6.	雙層金/銀薄殼微米穹體之實驗參數分析	80
第五章	結論	83
參考文獻	84

 
圖目錄
圖1-1三種不同入射光照射在2μm玻璃微球的光子奈米噴流情形[21]。	5
圖1-2不同半徑比之微殼的光子奈米噴流[23]	7
圖1-3核殼PDMS微盤(a) dielectric,(b)gold-coating,(c)silver-coating,(d)copper-coating,與(e)gold–silver-coating正規化功率之模擬結果，(f)dielectric, (g) gold-coating,(h)silver-coating,(i) copper-coating,與(j)gold–silver-coating之原始實驗圖像，所有微盤的入射光波長為405nm[24]。	8
圖1-4棒絡新婦蛛(Nephila clavata)腹部腺體的顯微結構(1:大壺狀腺，2: 鞭狀腺，3: 小壺狀腺，4: 聚狀腺，5: 葡萄狀腺，6: 管狀腺，7:梨狀腺)[28]。	12
圖1-5蜘蛛絲與其他材料之應力-應變特性[29]	12
圖1-6蜘蛛絲的結構。(a)與joint連接的週期性紡錘節之SEM圖像，紡錘節的頂角(2β)約為19〫。(b)低倍率(c)高倍率spindle-knot的SEM圖像，顯示紡錘節被奈米纖維隨機交織。(d)低倍率(e)高倍率joint的SEM圖像，其由相對於平行於絲軸排列的奈米纖維組成[30]。	14
圖1-7蜘蛛絲的具方向性集水機制。(a) Spindle-knot結構表面由隨機纖維交織形成不連續的三相線(three-phase contact line，TCL)；Joint的結構表面是由結晶的纖維排列而成連續的TCL，因此Spindle-knot具有比Joint較大的粗糙度，有助於水滴的方向性集水運動。(b)表面結構差異形成表面能梯度，使Spindle-knot具有較高的表面能，同時，如右圖所示，圓錐形的結構產生從高曲率區域(Joint)到低曲率區域(Spindle-knot)的差異，使水滴具有方向性集水，如箭頭所示[30]。	15
圖1-8蜘蛛絲集水結構及集水過程。(a)Spindle-knot與Joint的光學圖像，週期為394.6±16.1μm。(b-d)Spindle-knot之SEM圖像。 (e-j)蜘蛛絲上方向性集水過程[30]。	16
圖1-9 (a)家幽靈蜘蛛圖(b)取絲機構(c)蜘蛛絲之顯微照片(d)蜘蛛絲放置器(e)修飾蜘蛛絲之示意圖(f)修飾後蜘蛛絲之顯微照片(g)光學量測系統圖(h)修飾後蜘蛛絲的光子奈米噴流示意圖[33]	17
圖1-10穿透厚度為(a) d=3μm (b)d=6μm 與(c)d=10μm之紡錘體正規化功率的模擬結果，(d) d=3μm (e)d=6μm 與(f)d=10μm 之原始實驗圖像，所有紡錘體的入射光波長為532nm ，(g)光子奈米噴流的實驗強度分佈[33]	18
圖1-11不同入射光波長的光子奈米噴流的紡錘體尺寸之關鍵參數：(a)焦距(b)FWHM(c)衰減長度[33]	19
圖2-1瑞利與米氏散射理論示意圖	23
圖2-2光子奈米噴流示意圖	25
圖2-3 FDTD單位網格電磁場配置	28
圖2-4電場和磁場隨時間變化交替圖	29
圖3-1實驗流程圖	32
圖3-2蜘蛛絲放置器	33
圖3-3家幽靈蛛（Pholcus phalangioides）	34
圖3-4取絲機構	34
圖3-5纏絲於蜘蛛絲放置器的示意圖	35
圖3-6 (a)感光性UV膠均勻淋上蜘蛛絲及(b)靜置形成紡錘體過程的示意圖	36
圖3-7白蠟平台	37
圖3-8在白蠟平台上形成穹型珠體於蜘蛛絲表面	37
圖3-9 UV曝光機	38
圖3-10光固化後穹型珠體示意圖	38
圖3-11濺鍍機	39
圖3-12蒸鍍機	40
圖3-13濺鍍前穹體SEM圖，放大倍率為X5000	41
圖3-14濺鍍後穹體SEM圖，放大倍率為X5000	41
圖3-15 d=2μm穹體於蜘蛛絲表面之SEM圖，放大倍率為X5000	42
圖3-16 d=4μm穹體於蜘蛛絲表面之SEM圖，放大倍率為X5000	43
圖3-17小型蜘蛛絲載具	44
圖3-18蜘蛛絲轉移至小型載具上之實際圖	44
圖3-19小型載具立於3D列印置具上之實際圖	44
圖3-20共軛焦顯微鏡(LEXT OLS4100)	45
圖3-21紅光雷射筆	46
圖3-22綠光雷射筆	46
圖3-23藍光雷射筆	46
圖3-24光學量測系統圖	47
圖3-25由共軛焦顯微鏡(LEXT OLS4100)拍攝之穹體圖	48
圖4-1光子奈米噴流示意圖	49
圖4-2數值模擬圖，參數為405nm藍光雷射的微米穹體	51
圖4-3 d=5μm的微米穹體能量分佈圖	52
圖4-4 d=5μm的單層金薄殼微米穹體能量分佈圖	53
圖4-5 d=5μm的單層銀薄殼微米穹體能量分佈圖	54
圖4-6 d=5μm的單層銅薄殼微米穹體能量分佈圖	55
圖4-7 d=5μm的雙層金/銀薄殼微米穹體能量分佈圖	56
圖4-8不同薄殼5μm穹體對光子奈米噴流焦距之關係圖	57
圖4-9不同薄殼5μm穹體對光子奈米噴流半高全寬之關係圖	58
圖4-10不同薄殼5μm穹體對光子奈米噴流衰減長度之關係圖	59
圖4-11 405nm藍光對不同薄殼5μm穹體的光子奈米噴流強度關係圖	61
圖4-12 532nm綠光對不同薄殼5μm穹體的光子奈米噴流強度關係圖	61
圖4-13 671nm紅光對不同薄殼5μm穹體的光子奈米噴流強度關係圖	62
圖4-14不同薄殼5μm穹體對光子奈米噴流強度之關係圖	63
圖4-15 0.01標準刻劃試片	66
圖4-16電腦程式分析0.01nm標準片像素與能量分佈關係	67
圖4-17無殼微米穹體之噴流焦距與入射光波長關係	68
圖4-18無殼微米穹體之噴流半高全寬與入射光波長關係	69
圖4-19無殼微米穹體之噴流衰減長度與入射光波長關係	69
圖4-20無殼微米穹體之噴流強度與入射光波長關係	70
圖4-21單層金薄殼微米穹體之噴流焦距與入射光波長關係	72
圖4-22單層金薄殼微米穹體之噴流半高全寬與入射光波長關係	72
圖4-23單層金薄殼微米穹體之噴流衰減長度與入射光波長關係	73
圖4-24單層金薄殼微米穹體之噴流強度與入射光波長關係	73
圖4-25單層銀薄殼微米穹體之噴流焦距與入射光波長關係	74
圖4-26單層銀薄殼微米穹體之噴流半高全寬與入射光波長關係	75
圖4-27單層銀薄殼微米穹體之噴流衰減長度與入射光波長關係	75
圖4-28單層銀薄殼微米穹體之噴流強度與入射光波長關係	76
圖4-29單層銅薄殼微米穹體之噴流焦距與入射光波長關係	77
圖4-30單層銅薄殼微米穹體之噴流半高全寬與入射光波長關係	78
圖4-31單層銅薄殼微米穹體之噴流衰減長度與入射光波長關係	78
圖4-32單層銅薄殼微米穹體之噴流強度與入射光波長關係	79
圖4-33雙層金/銀薄殼微米穹體之噴流焦距與入射光波長關係	80
圖4-34雙層金/銀薄殼微米穹體之噴流半高全寬與入射光波長關係	81
圖4-35雙層金/銀薄殼微米穹體之噴流衰減長度與入射光波長關係	81
圖4-36雙層金/銀薄殼微米穹體之噴流強度與入射光波長關係	82

 
表目錄
表1-1五種不同微米球設計的光子奈米噴流情形[22]	6
表1-2蜘蛛絲種類與功能[28]	10
表2-1 Maxwell equations之符號物理意義及單位	27
表3-1濺鍍參數	39
表3-2蒸鍍參數	40
表4-1數值模擬參數	50
表4-2 d=5μm的金屬核殼穹體與無殼穹體之光學量測	65

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