本研究探討氧化鋁陶瓷中空纖維膜結合ZnO光觸媒之海水淡化前處理性能。薄膜過濾之分離標的物為模擬海水中之腐植酸。實驗研究使用孔徑為0.2 m的親水性陶瓷薄膜，並以掃流模式操作。實驗包括兩部分，第一部分為單純的薄膜過濾，第二部分則是於模擬海水進料中先添加光觸媒並經過紫外光照射，方才進行薄膜過濾。單純薄膜過濾實驗操作於不同的進料流量、透膜壓差、腐植酸濃度與pH值。加入光觸媒之實驗則操作於不同光觸媒添加量與照光時間。過濾性能之比較包括常規化濾速、腐植酸阻擋率、過濾總阻力，以及阻力分佈。
單純薄膜過濾實驗結果顯示，濾速會隨著進料流量增高而增高，但隨著腐植酸濃度與pH值越高而越低，pH值影響海水中無機鹽類之沉澱且有最高濾速之最佳值，整體而言，濾液通量可達720 LMH，擬穩態常規化濾速介於0.06~0.45之間。腐植酸阻擋率介於0.72~0.97。總阻力之瞬時變化顯示濾速下降是肇因於濾餅形成機制。阻力分佈方面，可逆阻力為最主要貢獻。加入光觸媒之實驗結果顯示常規化濾速可獲得大幅提升，最佳的ZnO添加量為0.75 g/L，照光時間為15分鐘時可獲得最高腐植酸阻擋率，可逆阻力也大幅降低，使得薄膜阻力成為最主要阻力貢獻。

This thesis investigated the performance of seawater desalination pretreatment by using aluminum hollow fibers combined with a photocatalyst. The hydrophilic ceramic membrane with pore size of 0.2 m operated in cross-flow mode was employed for studying the separation of the humic acid in a synthetic seawater. The experimental study includes the use of straight membrane filtration as well as the addition of ZnO photocatalyst into the seawater with ultraviolet light irradiation before the membrane filtration. The first part was studying membrane filtration (MF) only. The second part was the membrane filtration with the addition of a photocatalyst (ZnO). The experiments were conducted with different feed flow rates, transmembrane pressures, humic acid concentrations and pH values. The experiments with ZnO were conducted with different amounts of ZnO and various UV irradiation durations. The performance parameters studied include the normalized filtration flux, humic acid rejection, total resistance and resistance distribution.
The results of the membrane filtration experiments showed that the flux increased with the increase of feed flow rates, but decreased with the increase of humic acid concentrations and pH values. The pH value affects the precipitation of inorganic salts in seawater and an optimal pH value was identified for the maximum flux. The total resistance –time curves showed downward concave pattern which implied that the decrease of filtration flux was due to the cake formation. The reversible resistance is the dominant contributor to the total resistance. The experimental results of photocatalyst addition showed that the normalized flux could be significantly increased. The optimum ZnO dosage is 0.75 g/L. The maximum humic acid rejection was obtained with a 15 minute-irradiation. The addition of ZnO substantially reduced the fraction of reversible resistance and as the result, the dominant contributor of the total resistance became the membrane resistance. In this study, the filtration flux reaches up to 720 LMH, the pseudo-steady state normalized flux is between 0.06 and 0.45, and the humic acid rejections were between 0.72 and 0.97.

中文摘要	I
英文摘要	II
目錄	IV
圖目錄	VII
表目錄	X
第一章	緒論	1
1-1	薄膜分離程序	1
1-2	海水淡化技術	6
1-3	研究動機、目的與範疇	8
1-4	論文架構	9
第二章	文獻回顧	10
2-1	薄膜過濾結垢分析	10
2-2	薄膜過濾操作條件之影響	12
2-3	薄膜過濾預處理	13
2-4	薄膜結垢對掃流過濾的影響	15
2-5	薄膜清洗及後處理	17
2-5-1	薄膜清洗	17
2-5-2	薄膜後處理	18
2-6	水處理結合光觸媒	19
2-6-1	懸浮態光觸媒薄膜反應器	19
2-6-2	光觸媒粒子濃度對於過濾效能之影響	20
第三章	理論	21
3-1	阻力串聯模式	21
3-2	濃度極化現象	22
3-3	濾餅性質	23
3-4	光觸媒粒子反應機制	24
3-5	穿透率與阻擋率	26
3-6	模組流態計算	27
第四章	實驗裝置與方法	28
4-1	薄膜模組與實驗系統	28
4-2	實驗材料	31
4-2-1	實驗藥品	31
4-2-2	實驗設備與分析儀器	35
4-3	實驗步驟	36
4-3-1	模擬海水配製	36
4-3-2	實驗步驟	38
4-4	出水品質分析方法	40
第五章	結果與討論	41
5-1	模擬海水於陶瓷中空纖維膜中之過濾特性	42
5-1-1	進料速度之影響	42
5-1-2	透膜壓差之影響	47
5-1-3	腐植酸濃度之影響	52
5-1-4	pH value之影響	56
5-2	光觸媒結合中空纖維膜進行海水淡化前處理	60
5-2-1	ZnO濃度之影響	62
5-2-2	照光時間之影響	66
第六章	結論	70
符號說明	72
參考文獻	74
附錄	77


 
圖目錄
圖1.1 薄膜孔徑與物質分離範圍(陳孝行, 2014)	3
圖1.2 濾餅過濾與掃流過濾(Cheryan, 1998)	4
圖1.3 腐植酸分子結構	9
圖2.1 光觸媒與陶瓷中空纖維膜實驗系統	19
圖3.1 濃度極化現象示意圖	22
圖3.2 光觸媒粒子反應機制(呂宗昕, 2004)	25
圖4.1 中空纖維模組	29
圖4.2中空纖維膜剖面SEM圖	29
圖4.3 實驗系統示意圖	30
圖4.4 模擬海水粒徑分布	37
圖4.5 腐植酸濃度與吸收度校正曲線	40
圖5.1 不同進料速度下之常規化濾速-時間變化	44
圖5.2 不同進料流量下之腐植酸阻擋率-時間變化	44
圖5.3 濃度極化現象示意圖	45
圖5.4 不同進料流量下之總阻力-時間變化	45
圖5.5 不同進料流量下之相對阻力分析	46
圖5.6 不同透膜壓差下之常規化濾速-時間變化	48
圖5.7 不同透膜壓差下之腐植酸阻擋率-時間變化	48
圖5.8 不同透膜壓差下總阻力-時間變化	50
圖5.9 不同透膜壓差下濾餅重量與平均過濾比阻之影響	50
圖5.10 不同透膜壓差下之阻力分析	51
圖5.11 不同腐植酸濃度下之常規化濾速-時間變化	53
圖5.12 不同腐植酸濃度下模擬海水粒徑分布	53
圖5.13 不同腐植酸濃度下腐質酸阻擋率-時間變化	54
圖5.14 不同腐植酸濃度下總阻力-時間變化	55
圖5.15 不同腐植酸濃度下之阻力分析	55
圖5.16 不同pH下之常規化濾速-時間變化	56
圖5.17 不同pH下之腐植酸阻擋率-時間變化	57
圖5.18 不同pH下之阻力分析圖	57
圖5.19 不同pH下之總阻力-時間變化	58
圖5.20 不同pH值下純腐植酸水溶液之常規化濾速-時間變化	59
圖5.21 不同pH值下純腐植酸水溶液之阻力分析	59
圖5.22 各物料粒徑分析圖	61
圖5.23 在不同的光觸媒濃度下的常規化濾速-時間變化	63
圖5.24 在不同的光觸媒濃度下的腐植酸阻擋率-時間變化	63
圖5.25 不同光觸媒濃度下之阻力比例分析	65
圖5.26 不同光觸媒濃度下總阻力-時間變化	65
圖5.27 不同照光時間下常規化濾速-時間變化	67
圖5.28 不同照光時間下阻擋率-時間變化	67
圖5.29 不同照光時間下之阻力比例分析	69
圖5.30 不同照光時間下總阻力-時間變化	69
圖A.1 不同進料速度下濾速-時間變化	77
圖A.2 不同透膜壓差下率速-時間變化	78
圖A.3 不同腐植酸濃度下率速-時間變化	78
圖A.4 不同pH值下率速-時間變化	79
圖A.5 不同ZnO濃度下濾速-時間變化	79
圖A.6 不同照光時間下率速-時間變化	80

 
表目錄
表1.1 薄膜分離方式之區分	2
表1.2 依據孔徑不同的過濾分類比較	2
表1.3 主要工業應用海水淡化技術之比較	7
表2.1 薄膜過濾阻力串聯模式(Hermia, 1982)	11
表3.1 平均過濾比阻與滲透難易度 (Hwang, 2015)	23
表4.1 中空纖維膜模組特性資料	29
表4.2 模擬海水配方	37
表4.3 實驗操作條件與範圍	37

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