1819年密蘇里地區向美國國會提出加入聯邦的請求，引起國會議員爭辯，並形成美國歷史以及憲法史上的「密蘇里妥協」。在此之前，美國各州在國會議事，皆在追求本州或本地區利益。開國先賢如傑弗遜等深知地方主義對彼等辛苦締建的聯邦並無裨益，故極力消弭之。1800年後南方共和黨人在傑佛遜、麥迪遜、門羅等帶領下長期執政，有效地消弭北方聯邦黨對新共和的離心，在憲法相關規定未臻明確的情況下，苦心經營，保全了聯邦的統一。
 
但1812年對英第二次戰爭之後，開國第一代以及第二代的參政者多出身律師，對不斷變動的國家利益，以及領土日益拓展產生的國家定位有所爭議，並以國會作為戰場，以密蘇里案中的奴隸制度作為議題，對憲法、共和體制以及南北分歧等，進行熱烈爭辯，並以妥協案結束爭議。

開國元勳當中，傑佛遜對本案反應最為激烈，認為密蘇里爭議是「深夜的火警聲」，是危害共和「開頭的章節，而非結束」。他奉行「世代主權」觀念，提倡現存的一代，不可債留子孫，危害下一代的幸福；而下一代也要秉持相同精神，為下下一代的幸福做努力。本論文發現，在傑佛遜眼中，國會議員達成妥協，訂出阻擋密蘇里加入聯邦的憲法先例時，這些國會議員坐實了傑佛遜1789年致麥迪遜函中所倡言的，死去的一代向活著的人(密州人民)宣戰，剝奪了他們的幸福。本案不僅是美國第二代不珍惜開國先賢傳承下來的寶貴遺產，更是既存的各州，為了自己的利益，危害新進各州（未來子孫）利益的例子。因為這個妥協案背叛了美國開國的共和精神，因而在傑佛遜眼中，這些國會議員必須承受「背叛全世界希望」這個罪名。

Before the Missouri Compromise, Americans found that each state, or region, desired different policies that would benefit it specifically. Jefferson realized that it would be improbable, if not impossible, to have states with different interests agree on issues to pass effective legislation. Had the Republicans not in power after 1800, northern states in all likelihood would have maintained their own sectional interest structure and remain unconcerned with that of its neighbors unless conflict arose. It was at best unwise to let the distinct states to have their own way in the Union. The Republicans did, despite outstanding political theory that stipulated that republic government could not be maintained in regions greater than city-states, whatever they could to keep the Union together. But the changing interests caused by wars and expanding landscape eventually challenged the two generation’s perception toward each other and toward the Constitution, or the revolution legacy, itself during the Debate. 
Few things caused Jefferson more consternation than the Controversy, which Jefferson considered the “firebell in the night” and that the Compromise would “reprieve only, not a final sentence”. Missouri, to him, was the example of how Americans posterities may not sustain legacy of the fathers; it was also the example of how interest of one state or region suppressing new states, the future generations. This article reveals when congressmen set up a precedent to check the admission of Missouri, the dead (disguised by the forms of municipal law as Jefferson mentioned in his letter to Madison in 1789) waged a war on the living generation in Missouri and these congressmen thus bore a greater responsibility for the “treason against the hopes of the world”.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION      

I.	BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM………………………..1
II.	MAIN PURPOSE AND MAINTHENE…………..……….………………….12
III.	LITERATURE REVIEW………………..…………………………………….20
IV.	APPROACH, FRAMEWORK, AND LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH………………………………………………………………..….33

CHAPTER 2: SLAVERY ISSUE

I.	A CAPTIVE NATION: A DAGGER THAT MIGHT HURT THE REPUBLIC…………………………………………………………….………41
II.	THE WHITE, THE BLACK, AND THE CONGRESSMEN……..….……..57
III.	SUMMARY………………………………………………………….…………74

CHAPTER 3: FROM MISSOURI CONTROVERSY TO MISSOURI COMPROMISE

I.	MISSOURI CONTROVERSY: PERPLEXING INTERESTS IN THE CONGRESS…………………………………………………………………..76
II.	MISSOURI COMPROMISE: “LIKE A FIREBELL IN THE NIGHT”…..114
III.	SUMMARY ...………………………………………………………………..136
CHAPTER 4: GENERATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY
I.	A GEOGRAPHICAL LINE………………………………………………....138
II.	THE SONS ALSO RISE……………………………………………………154
III.	“TREASON AGAINST THE HOPES OF THE WORLD”………………170
IV.	SUMMARY …………………………………..……………………………...181
CHAPTER 5: AFTER MSSOURI COMPROMISE
I.	THE PHALANXES OF SOUTHERN LEGION…………………….……..183
II.	EDUCATION AND THE REPUBLICAN MMORTALITY……….….……203
III.	SUMMARY………………………………………………………………..…222 
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION………………………………………..………….225
BIBIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………..…….231

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______. Jefferson’s Empire: The Language of American Nationhood, Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 2000

______. The Mind of Thomas Jefferson Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007

Onuf, Nicholas. and Onuf, Peter. Nations, Markets, and War: Modern History and the American Civil War Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2006.

Peterson, Merrill D. Thomas Jefferson: A Profile New York: Hill and Wang, 1967

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_____. Oliver Branch and Sword – The Compromise of 1833, Baton Rouge: Louisiana state University Press, 1982.

_____. The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

_____. ed., Visitors to Monticello Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989.

_____. The Jefferson Image in the American Mind Charlottesville: Published by the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation and the University Press of Virginia, 1998.

______. Thomas Jefferson: Writings, New York: Library of America, 1984

Parsons, Burke Adrian. British Trade Cycles and American Bank Credit: Some Aspects of Economic Fluctuations in the United States 1815-1840 New York: Arno Press, 1977

Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell. The Course of the South to Secession, An Interpretation New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1939.

Pocock, J.G.A. The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975.

Potter, David M. The South and the Sectional Conflict Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968.

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_____. James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1990.

Randall, Henry S. The Life of Thomas Jefferson Volume III, Edited by New York: Berby &Jackson, 1858

Ranson, Roger L. Conflict and Compromise: The Political Economy of Slavery, Emancipation, and the American Civil War Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Read, James H. Power versus Liberty: Madison, Hamilton, Wilson, and Jefferson Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000.

Reid, John Phillip. Constitutional History of the American Revolution: The Authority of Law. Vol. 4 Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1993.

Robinson, Donald L. Slavery in the Structure of American Politics, 1765 – 1820  New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc, 1971.

Rosen, Gary. American Compact: James Madison and the Problem of Founding Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 1999.

Rothman, Adam. Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2005.

Rubenfeld, Jed. Freedom and Time: A Theory of Constitutional Self-Government New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001

Rutland, Robert Allen. James Madison: The Founding Father New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987.

Sellers, Charles. The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America 1815-1846 New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Shalhope, Robert E. The Roots of Democracy: American Thought and Culture, 1760 – 1800 Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990.

Shankman, Kimberly C. Compromise and the Constitution: The Political Thought of Henry Clay, Lanham: Lexington Books, 1999.

Sharp, James Roger. American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.

Skeen, Edward. 1816: American Rising Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2003

Sloan, Herbert E. Principle and Interest: Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Debt Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995.

Stagg, J.C.A. Mr. Madison’s War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the early American Republic, 1783-1830 Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983

Stephenson, Donald Grier. Jr., The Right to Vote: Rights and Liberties under the Law Santa Barbara, California: Abcclio, 2004

Sydnor, Charles S. The Development of Southern Sectionalism 1819-1848 Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1948.

Tucker, Robert W., and Hendrickson, David C., Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Unger, Harlow Giles. America’s Second Revolution: How George Washington Defeated Patrick Henry and Saved the Nation Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.

Van Deusen, Glyndon G. The Life of Henry Clay Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1937.

Wallenstein, Peter. Cradle of America: Four Century of Virginia History, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007.

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Washburne, E. B. Sketch on Edward Coles, Second Governor of Illinois and of the Slavery Struggle of 1823-24 Chicago: Jansen, McClurg and Company, 1882 

Webster, Daniel. The Great Speeches and Orations of Daniel Webster, Edwin Percy Whipple ed. (Boston: Little Brown, and Co, 1879

Whipple, Dewin P. Great Speeches and Orations of Daniel Webster  Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1879

Whitman, T. Stephen. Challenging Slavery in the Chesapeake: Black and White Resistance to Human Bondage, 1775-1865, Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2007

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Wilentz, Sean. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2005.

Wilkins, Roger, Jefferson’s Pillow: The Founding Fathers and the Dilemma of Black Patriotism Boston: Beacon Press, 2001. 

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_____. James Madison New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2002.

______. Negro President: Jefferson and the Slave Power Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003

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Wolf, Eva Sheppard. Race and Liberty in the New Nation: Emancipation in Virginia from the Revolution to Nat Turner's Rebellion Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006.

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_____. The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin New York: The Penguin Press, 2004.

_____. Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different New York: The Penguin Press, 2006.

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Articles


Adair, Douglass “The Intellectual Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy” (Doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1943)

Appleby, Joyce. “Republicanism and Ideology.” American Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4, Republicanism in the History and Historiography of the United States. (Autumn, 1985), pp. 461-473.

______. “Republicanism in Old and New Contexts.” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 43, No. 1. (Jan., 1986), pp. 20-34.

Berns, Walter. “The Constitution and the Migration of Slaves.” The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 78, No. 2. (Dec., 1968), pp. 198-228.

Brophy, Alfred Laurence. “The Intersection of Property and Slavery in Southern Legal Thought: From Missouri Compromise through Civil War.” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 2001).

Budney, Stephen P. “William Jay and the Influence of Federalist Antislavery.” (Ph.d. diss., University of Mississippi, 2000).

Cohen, William. “Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery.” The Journal of American History, Vol. 56, No. 3. (Dec., 1969), pp. 503-526. 

Combs, H. Jason. “Early Settlement of a Frontier Community: the Platte Purchase, 1836-1850.” (Ph.D. diss., University of Nebraska, 2000).

Cooke, J. W. “Jefferson on Liberty” Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 34, No. 4. (Oct. - Dec., 1973), pp. 563-576. 

Coulter, E. Merton. “The Missouri Controversy, 1819-1821” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 294, America and a New Asia. (Jul. 1954)

Cox, Nicholas P. “The Origin and Exhaustion of the Doughfaces: Three Profiles of Martin Van Buren, Michael Walsh, and James Buchanan.” (Master Thesis, University of Houston, 2007).

Crapol, Edward P. “John Tyler and the Pursuit of National Destiny.” Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 17, N0.3 (Autumn, 1997), pp. 467-491

Detweiler, Philip F. “Congressional Debate on Slavery and the Declaration of Independence, 1819-1821.” The American Historical Review, Vol. 63, No. 3. (Apr., 1958), pp. 598-616.

Diggins, John P. “Slavery, Race, and Equality: Jefferson and the Pathos of the Enlightenment.” American Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 2, Special Issue: An American Enlightenment. (Summer, 1976), pp. 206-228.

Earl M. Maltz, “Slavery, Federalism, and the Structure of the Constitution.” The American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 36, No. 4. (Oct., 1992), pp. 466-498.

Forbes, Robert P. “Slavery and the Meaning of America, 1819-1833,” (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1994).

Freehling, William W. “The Founding Fathers and Slavery.” The American Historical Review, Vol.77, No.1 (Feb., 1972), pp.81-93.

Gannon, Kevin M. “Calculating the Value of Union: States’ Rights, Nullification, and Secession in the North, 1800-1848” (Ph.D. diss., University of South Carolina, 2002).


Gutzman, K.R. Constantine. “Old Dominion, New Republic: Making Virginia Republican, 1776-1840.” (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 1999).

Halperin, Terri Diane. “Dangerous to Liberty: The United States Senate, 1789-1821.” (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 2000).

Hammond, John Craig, “Slavery and Freedom in the Early American West: From the Northwest Ordnance to the Missouri Controversy, 1787-1821.” (Ph.D. diss., University of Kentucky, 2004).

______. “The Missouri Controversy and Its Aftermath: Slavery and the Meaning of America” Journal of the Early Republic Vol. 28, Iss. 1 (Spring, 2008) p. 122.

Hizer, Trenton Eynon. “’Virginia is Now Divided’: Politics in the Old Dominion 1820-1833” (PH.D diss., University of South Carolina, 1997).

Horsman, Reginald. “The Dimensions of an "Empire for Liberty": Expansion and Republicanism, 1775-1825.” Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 9, No. 1. (Spring, 1989), pp. 1-20.

Howe, John R. Jr. “John Adams's Views of Slavery.” The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 49, No. 3. (Jul., 1964), pp. 201-206.


Hutchinson, William T. “Unite to Divide; Divide to Unite: The Shaping of American Federalism.” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 46, No. 1. (Jun., 1959), pp. 3-18.

Iaccarino, Anthony Alfred. “Virginia and the National Contest over Slavery in the Early Republic, 1780-1833.” (Ph.d. diss., University of California- Los Angeles, 1999).

Kates, Don B. Jr. “Abolition, Deportation, Integration: Attitudes Toward Slavery in the Early Republic.” The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 53, No. 1. (Jan., 1968), pp. 33-47.

Kerber, Linda K. “The Republican Ideology of the Revolutionary Generation.” American Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4, Republicanism in the History and Historiography of the United States. (Autumn, 1985), pp. 474-495.

Kidd, Charles Burke. “Dixie’s Shortcomings for Survival.” (Master Thesis, California State University Dominguez Hills, 2001).

Kosiorek, Jeffrey Anthony. “Revolutionary Commemoration, Liberty, and Republicanism in Nineteenth-Century America.” (Ph.D. diss., University of South California, 2006).

Lee, Susanna Michele. “Claiming the Union: Stories of Loyalty in the Post-Civil War South.” (Ph.D. diss., University of Virginia, 2005)

Leibiger, Stuart. “Thomas Jefferson and the Missouri Crisis: An Alternative Interpretation.” Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 17, No. 1. (Spring, 1997), pp. 121-130.

Lightner, David L. “The Founders and the Interstate Slave Trade.” Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 22, No. 1. (Spring, 2002), pp. 25-51.

Maltz, Earl M. “Slavery, Federalism, and the Structure of the Constitution.” The American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 36, No. 4. (Oct., 1992), pp. 466-498.

Mansfield, Michael William. “Every Selfish Passion: The Contradiction of Slavery in Revolutionary Virginia.” (Master Thesis, University of South Alabama, 1998).

Mason, Mattew. “The Rain between the Storms: The Politics and Ideology of Slavery in the United States, 1808-1821.” (Ph.d. diss., University of Maryland, 2002).

Matson, Cathy. and Onuf, Peter. “Toward a Republican Empire: Interest and Ideology in Revolutionary America.” American Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4, Republicanism in the History and Historiography of the United States. (Autumn, 1985), pp. 496-531.

Mercieca, Jennifer Rose. “We the People” & the Rhetorics of Republicanism in America, 1776-1845, (Ph.D. diss., of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2003).

Ohline, Howard A. “Republicanism and Slavery: Origins of the Three-Fifths Clause in the United States Constitution.” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 28, No. 4. (Oct., 1971), pp. 563-584.

Onuf, Peter S. “Liberty, Development, and Union: Visions of the West in the 1780s.” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 43, No. 2. (Apr., 1986), pp. 179-213.

______. “The Scholars' Jefferson.” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 50, No. 4. (Oct., 1993), pp. 671-699.

Page, Robert D. “A Life Active and Vigilant: The Republicanism of Hezekiah Niles.” (Ph.D. diss., Georgia State University, 1996).

Patrick, Robert Pierce, Jr. “In the Interest of the South: The Life and Career of Duff Green.” (Ph.D. diss., University of South Carolina, 2000).

Peterson, Merrill D. “Mr. Jefferson’s ‘Sovereignty of the Living Generation’“ Volume 52, Number 3 The Virginia Quarterly Review, (Summer 1976,) pp. 438-441

Pocock, J. G. A. “Virtue and Commerce in the Eighteenth Century,” Journal of interdisciplinary History, 3 (1972)

Schenker, Jeffrey. “James Madison: Consistent Defender of Republican Values.” (Ph.D. diss., Drew University, 2004).

Smith, William E. “The Missouri Controversy, 1819-1821.” The American Historical Review, Vol. 59, No. 3. (Apr. 1954) pp. 641-642

Vanderford, Chad. “Rights of Humans, Rights of States: The Academic Legacy of St. George Tucker in Nineteenth-Century Virginia.” (Ph.D. diss., Louisiana State University, 2005).



Electronic Texts


Madison, James. Hamilton, Alexander. and Jay, John. The Federalist Papers, http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/federal/fed.htm  

Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America, Translated by Henry Reeve http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/detoc/toc_indx.html