中國提供其他國家外交援助的歷史相當悠久，然而其援助的範圍與方式近年來改變許多，因此逐漸受到學術圈的關注。藉由觀察中國對於象牙海岸外交援助的緣起與進程，本論文解釋了近年中國外交援助的變遷。其對於象牙海岸援助的模式，可以藉由孫子「兵法」內闡述的智慧理解。這部中國古老典籍所蘊涵的策略研究，不僅適用在軍事方面，更可延伸至政策、經濟分析與商業議題上。因此，本文採用同樣的原則，檢視中國對象牙海岸外交援助的本質、影響、用意以及未來走向。
本研究利用歷史、發展經濟與國際關係理論，討論中國這個成長中的東方世界強權，如何發揮其能力，建立在長期由法國主導的西方援助系統之上，並藉由該系統的缺點，進一步強化自身的影響力。中國的援助系統不再倚賴冷戰時期以意識形態分別的援助分配，而發展出一套較實際的、雙邊援助系統。這個新的做法為象牙海岸帶來更多經濟利益，同時亦能為中國取得天然資源供中國內需發展，為雙邊援助系統立下典範、強化全球援助系統，並開拓新市場。
本篇論文分別有七個章節，先以國際關係現實主義與理想主義的觀點，探討關於中國崛起與其逐漸成長對非洲外交援助計劃的相關文獻這些文獻探討中國對非洲的外交援助的歷史與進程，顯示中國對象牙海岸實行的雙邊援助應當受到重視，然而現階段相關文獻依然甚少。另外，將探討中國對外援助的主要目的、特色、內容與實行方法，並與法國領導的西方多邊援助系統進行比較。最後則將探討這套策略對各方的影響與意義。

Although China is an old actor in the field of foreign aid, the scope and style of its foreign aid have, recently, undergone major changes that have attracted diverse academic attention. By investigating the emergence and progress of Chinese aid in Côte d’Ivoire, this dissertation attempts to highlight the different aspects of this new evolvement in the field of foreign aid in comparison with the previous French aid in this country. Following the literature review majors trends, the thesis hypothesizes that French and Chinese aid are respectively rooted on realism and idealism initiatives.  
    In order to refute or corroborate these hypotheses, the dissertation uses a comparative method that combines qualitative and quantitative data from history, development economics and International Relations main paradigms. The findings partly corroborate the thesis hypotheses by unveiling the dualistic nature of French and Chinese aid strategies: they are both realists in the core, and idealists in the peripheries. This instigates more positive than negative inputs to Côte d’Ivoire’s economic development, secures natural resources/new markets for China’s ongoing domestic development and impulses French and multilateral aid trends.  
       The final work is a set of eight chapters. It starts with the study rationale, follows by the review of the literature on French and Chinese aid in Africa and Côte d’Ivoire. These pre-requisites present the reasons behind the study; the methodology and showed the necessity to compare Chinese and French aid strategies progress in Côte d’Ivoire. Then, chapters three to six, bold French and Chinese aid strategies development, objectives, contents, organization and implementation style in Côte d’Ivoire. Subsequent chapter seven illuminates the two aid approaches similarities and dissimilarities and explains the factors of such occurring.

Table of Contents

Dedication	i
Acknowledgements	ii
Abstracts (Chinese)	iii
Abstract (English)	iv
Table of Content	vi
List of Figures 	ix
List of Tables	xi
List of Abbreviations	xii
I Introduction 	1
I.1. Research Rationale	2
 I.1.1 Motivations 	3
        I.I.2 Purposes 	4
I.1.3 Questions and Hypotheses 	19
I.2 Research Methodology 	23
    1.2.1 Theoretical Frame	24
    1.2.2 Methods 	29
1.2.3.Scope and Limitations  	33
II Literature Review 	..39
 II.1 French Aid in Africa and Côte d’Ivoire: A Realist Perspective	..39 
 II.2 Chinese Aid in Africa and Côte d’Ivoire	..44 
        II.1.1  A Realist Perspective	45
        1I.2.2 An Idealist Perspective …	……….52
II.3 Literature Analysis …	……….61
      II.3.1  Strengths 	63
      II.3.2 Weaknesses  	65 
III Origins of Foreign Aid in Côte d’Ivoire: French Bilateral Aid 	67
III.1 Seeded within Colonialism 	67
       III.1.1 Briefing Africa Colonization  	67
      III.1.2  Colonizing Côte d’Ivoire 	71
      III.1.3 Valorizing the Colony 	73
      III.1.4 Marshall Plan Lessons	82	
III.2 Birth and Bloom	84
      III.2. 1 Born within Cold War 	84
       III.2.2  Bilateral Aid Bloom in Côte d’Ivoire 	98  
IV French Multilateral Aid Moment  	102
IV.1 Rise and Restraints 	103
      IV.1.1 Birth and Blur within Cold War  	103
     IV.1.2 Rise and Restraint in Post-Cold War 	106
IV.2 Traits of French Aid	119
     IV.2.1  Paternalistic Realism Paradigm  	119
     IV.2.2  Multi-bilateral Policies 	123 
     IV.2.3 Multi-tasks-partners System  	126
    IV.2.4 Social Sector Focus 	127 
    IV.2.5 Complex Conditions 	130  
V China’s Aid in Côte d’Ivoire: Entrance and Expansion  	133
 V.1 Political Entrance 	133
        V.1.1 Sino-African Relationship 	134
       V.1.2 Sino-Ivoirian Relationship 	137
    V.2. Socio-economic Expansion	150 
         V. 2.1 Economic Expansion  	150
          V.2.2 Social Surge	156
VI Chinese Aid in Côte d’Ivoire: Contents and Characteristics	161
VI.1.Aid Contents (1983-2013) 	161
        V.1.1 Projects Profiles 	162
        V. 1.2 Projects Progress	168
VI.2 Ideology and Implementation	171
      VI.2.1 Ideology   	173
      VI.2.2 Implementation   	175
VI.3 Traits of Chinese Aid	182
       VI.3.1  Partnership Realism Paradigm  	182
       VI.3.2  Bilateral Policies 	184
       VI.3.3 Multi-tasks-partners System  	185
       VI.3.4 Focus on Productive Sector  	191
       VI.3.5 Simple Conditions 	192  
VII Foreign Aid Approaches: China vs. France	195
VII.1 Similarities 	196
          VII. 1.1 Realist Foreign Aid 	196
         VII. 1.2 Projects and Partners Multiplicity	201
        VII.1.3 Aid with Conditions	205
VII.2 Dissimilarities	208
       VII.2.1 Multilateral versus Bilateral Policies   	209
      VII.2. 2   Long versus Short Terms Productivity 	211   
       VII.2.3   Soft versus Hard Conditions 	213        
VII.3 Factors of Similarities and Dissimilarities 	217
       VII.3.1 Factors of Similarities  	217
        VII.3.2 Factors of Dissimilarities 	222

VIII Conclusions	229
VIII.1Which IR Theories Characterize French and Chinese Aid Strategies in Côte d’Ivoire? 	230
     VIII.1.1 Is French Aid Realist?  	230
     VIII. 1.2 Is Chinese Aid Idealist?	232
VIII.2 Implications	234
     VIII. 2.1 China: An Emerging Power in Côte d’Ivoire	235
     VIII.2.2 Reframing French and Western Aid Systems	242
     VIII.2.3 Sino-Ivorian Relations: More Initiatives More Issues	251
 VIII.3 Observation and Future Research	258
     VIII. 3.1 Chinese Aid is Rooted on Sun Tzu: The Art of War Principles	258
     VIII.3.2 Future Research	265
Appendixes 	268    
Bibliography	285

List of FiguresFigure 
1.1: Chinese Global Aid Growth (2002 to 2009) System ......................... 7 
Figure 1.2: Average per Capita Growth: BRICS (1991-2015)...................................................8
Figure 1.3: Map of Côte d’Ivoire in the World........................................................................10
Figure 1.4: Côte d’Ivoire: Introduction....................................................................................11
Figure 1.5: Map of Global Oil Routes Chokepoints Traffic.....................................................13
Figure 1.6: Quantities of U.S. Imports of Crude Oil from Nigeria (1995-2014) ..................... 13 
Figure 1.7: Average Per Capita Growth: West Africa from 1991 to 2011 .............................. 17 
Figure  3.1: Historical Transitions of Europe-Africa Relations...............................................68
Figure 3.2:  Map of Africa in 1914...........................................................................................70
Figure 3.3: The French Second Empire Colonial Policy .........................................................74
Figure 3.4: French Colonial Administration System................................................................76
Figure 3.5: Colonial Côte d’Ivoire Administration Officials (1862-1960)..............................77
Figure 3.6: Colonial and Cooperation Institutions from 1940s to 2000s................................89
Figure 3.7: France Bilateral Aid to Côte d’Ivoire through the FAC (1960-2000)...................99
Figure 4.1:  Nascence and Evolution of Multilateral Aid......................................................103
Figure 5.1: Sino-African Relation Evolvement (1956-2013) ................................................134
Figure 5.2: PRC, ROC International Relations......................................................................139
Figure5.3: Picture of Chinese President Yang Shangkun welcomed by Ivorian Prime
Minister Alassane Dramane Ouattara at the International Airport Felix Houphouet-Boigny of Abidjan in 1992..................................................................................................................142
Figure5.4: Chinese Major Investments in Africa (2013).......................................................152
Figure 5.5: Sequences and Composition of Chinese Aid to Côte d’Ivoire (1986-2013).......153
Figure 5.6:  Cote d’Ivoire China Trade Pattern from 2000 to 2009.......................................155
Figure5.7: Côte d’Ivoire Trade from 2009 to 2013...............................................................156
Figure 6.1: National Distribution of Chinese Aid Projects in Côte d’Ivoire..........................162
Figure6.2:Yamoussoukro’sNational Assembly House........................................................167
Figure 6.3:China’s Aid Principles since 1960s......................................................................172
Figure 6.4: China’s Aid Decision Making Process ............................................................... 178 
Figure 6:5Forum On China-Africa Cooperation from 2000 to 2015....................................188
Figure 7.1: Chronology of France Domain Expansion in Africa...........................................202
Figure 7.2: China’s Aid Partners in Africa ............................................................................ 203 
Figure 7.3: France Annual Average Growth Rates 1960s -1980s..........................................219
Figure7.4: China GDP Growth from 1979 to 2013...............................................................222
Figure 8.1: Chronology of Key Events that Led to the Crisis in Côte d’Ivoire....................236
Figure 8.2:  Exim Bank China Projects Focus on Economic Growth ...................................240
Figure 8.3: France and China Infrastructures Projects in Côte d’Ivoire................................241
Figure8.4: Franco-Ivorian Diplomatic Visits (2011-2015)...................................................244
Figure 8.5: World Bank loans to Côte d’Ivoire (2012-2016) ................................................. 249 
Figure 8.6: Sociopolitical leaders Perceptions ......................................................................252
Figure 8.7: Contrasted Côte d’Ivoire-SSA GDP Growth from 2006 to 2014.......................257

List of Tables
Table 1.1: Thesis Content.........................................................................................................26
Table 1.2: Thesis Content.........................................................................................................36
Table 3.1: Chronology of France Conquest and Colonization of Côte d’Ivoire......................71
Table 4.1: Institutions Involved in France’s Aid decision-making process...........................113
Table 4.2: World Bank Adjustment and Investment Loans Distribution in Côte d’Ivoire (1968 -1996)..........................................................................................................................128
Table 5.1:  PRC and ROC Recognition by West Africa Countries.......................................138
Table 5.2: Sino-Ivorian Leaders and High Officials Visits before 2000 ...............................140
Table 5.3: Sino-Ivorian Leaders and High Officials Visits between 2000 and 2012.............148
Table 6.1: Main Institutions Intervening in China’s Aid Process ..........................................176
Table6.2: ChineseProjects inCôte d’Ivoire from 1986 to 2013...........................................192
Table7.1: Aid Characteristics: France vs. China Aid.............................................................195
Table 7.2: Foreign Aid Institutions Schematic Overview......................................................210
Table 7.3: French and Chineseaid Entrances.........................................................................218
Table 8.1: Summary of Findings ...........................................................................................231
Table 8.2: French AidDistributions per Sector (2012-2020)...............................................246
Table 9.1: Chinese and French Aid in Côte d’Ivoire: Chronology of Events........................285

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NEWS PAPERS

Abidjan 911. Côte d’Ivoire Economy. “Projets d’infrastructures: Zoom sur les grands chantiers de l’Etat.» Abidjan911.com, (September 22 2014). http://abidjan911.com/projets-dinfrastructures-zoom-les-grands-chantiers-letat

Abidjan News. “La Côte d’Ivoire fournit de l’eau potable pour plus de deux millions d’Abidjanais.» Xinhua, (March 3, 2015). http://news.abidjan.net/h/527616.html.

Abidjan News. “Cote d’Ivoire: La Chine va livrer dans moins de deux ans le plus grand barrage hydroélectrique du pays. » Abidjan.net (March 9 2016). http://news.abidjan.net/h/584041.html.

Abidjan News. « Cooperation ivoiro-japonaise: les entreprises japonaises intéressées par les projets d’infrastructures en Côte d’Ivoire. » Abidjan.Net, (May 5 2016). http://news.abidjan.net/h/590422.html. 

Abidjan News. “Tang Weibin, Ambassadeur de Chine en Côte d’Ivoire: Saisissons l’opportunité pour porter la coopération sino-ivoirienne à un niveau plus élevé. » Abidjan.net, (November 14, 2015). http://news.abidjan.net/h/573304.html.

China Daily. China Urges End of Violence in Côte d’Ivoire.” Chinadaily,com,  March 31 2011. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011-03/31/content_12252504.htm.

China Machinery Engineering. “Abidjan-Grand Bassam Highway in Côte d'Ivoire Open to Traffic.” 4-trader.com, (October 9, 2015).   http://www.4-traders.com/CHINA-MACHINERY-ENGINEERI-12212398/news/China-Machinery-Engineering-Abidjan-Grand-Bassam-Highway-in-Cote-d-Ivoir-Open-to-Traffic-21173405/.

China World Peace Foundation. “China Côte d’Ivoire Friendship Association Improves Friendly Cooperation between the two countries.” Cwpf.org, May 28 2012. http://www.cwpf.org.cn/index.php/en/a/41/1144.html. 

China World Peace Foundation. “Li Ruohong Leads a Delegation to Côte d’Ivoire Discussing Social Responsibilities.” Cwpf.org, August 14 2012. http://www.cwpf.org.cn/index.php/en/a/41/1152.html.

Delamarche, Myrtille. « L’extension du port d’Abidjan est lancée. » Usine Nouvelle, (October 08, 2015). http://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/l-extension-du-port-d-abidjan-est-lancee.N355652.
 
Dèverin, Yveline. « Projet inopportun et inconséquent: chinoiseries à Yamouusokro. » Le nouveau réveil, (October 5, 2007). http://www.geo-phile.net/IMG/pdf/projet_inopportun_et_inconsequent_chinoiseries_a_yamoussoukro.pdf.

Dyer, Geoff, Anderlini Jamil and Sender Henni. “China Lending hits New Heights.”  Financial Times, (January 17, 2011).  http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/488c60f4-2281-11e0-b6a2-00144feab49a.html#axzz3IH52itf2.

Eckholm, Erik. “Yang Shangkun, 91, Ex-China Chief, Dies”. New-York Time. September 15, 1998. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/15/world/yang-shangkun-91-ex-china-chief-dies.html.

Faujas, Alain. “La Chine devient le 3eme actionnaire de la banque mondiale. Le Monde, Washington, spécial envoyé, (April 2010).  http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2010/04/26/la-chine-devient-le-troisieme-actionnaire-de-la-banque-mondiale_1342747_3234.html. 

Forum sur la Coopération Sino-African. « Alassane Ouattara: l'Afrique et la Chine doivent s'unir pour mettre en commun leurs complémentarités. » Focac.org, (December 7, 2015). http://www.focac.org/fra/zt/t1321839.htm.  

Forum sur la Coopération Sino-African, « Côte d’Ivoire: Le président Chinois félicite Alassane pour sa réélection /Côte d’Ivoire. » Focac.org, (November 04, 2015).   http://www.focac.org/fra/zfgx/t1311742.htm. 

Gueu, Bertrand. “Grands projets de Ouattara : les Chinois bousculent les Francais,”  linfodrome.com, May 2012.  http://www.linfodrome.com/economie/8852-grands-projets-de-ouattara-les-chinois-bousculent-les-francais. 

Innocent, Marc. « Le goupe Chinois Yuanda va construire 10.000 logements en Côte d’Ivoire.» Abidjan.net, September 23 2015. http://news.abidjan.net/h/564320.html.
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Jeune Afrique. « Les 10 pays africains qui attirent le plus d’investissements chinois.» Jeuneafrique.com, (April 05, 2013). http://economie.jeuneafrique.com/regions/international-panafricain/16404-les-10-pays-africains-qui-attirent-le-plus-d-investissements-chinois.html.

Konan, Richard. « Les années de Bedié au pouvoir, un vrai cauchemar.»  
             presse ivoirienne, October 10 2008.  http://ivoirediaspo.net/anciens/politique/les-annes-de-bdi-au-pouvoir-un-vrai-cauchemar. 

Kouassi, Selay Marius. « Le désamour entre Chinois et Ivoiriens. »  In Wazaonline.com, February 17, 2011.   http://www.rnw.nl/afrique/article/le-desamour-entre-chinois-et-ivoiriens. 
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Laing, Ailing. “Zambian miners shot by Chinese managers.” The Telegraph, October 19, 2010.  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zambia/8073443/Zambian-miners-shot-by-Chinese-managers.html.

Mamoya, Silvain. “Les étudiants ivoiriens appellent Ouattara au secours.» Fratmat.info, (November 10, 2013). http://www.fratmat.info/nos-unes/chine-les-%C3%A9tudiants-ivoiriens-appellent-ouattara-au-secours. 

M’bokolo, Elikia. “The Impact of the Slave Trade on Africa.”  Le Monde Diplomatic, (April 04, 1998).  http://mondediplo.com/1998/04/02africa.

National Online News. “Côte d’Ivoire: Allassane Ouattara reçoit AFRICOM et la Russie au Palais.” Koaci.com, February 26, 2013.
            http://koaci.com/Côte-divoire-alassane-ouattara-recoit-lafricom-russie-palais-80491.html.

Saintelmy, Winson. « La Crise ivoirienne à travers la géopolitique identitaire de Gbagbo.» Le Monde, (April  15,  2011). http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/04/15/une-lecture-geopolitique-de-la-crise-ivoirienne_1507537_3232.html. 

Thaler, Farah. “China’s Foreign Aid to Africa.” Washington Post, August 14 2012. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/aug/14/chinas-foreign-aid-to-africa/#ixzz2MYv8xnkp. 

The Economist. “Trying to pull together,” Economist.com, (April 20, 2011). http://www.economist.com/node/18586448. 

Wauthie, Claude.  « La coopération Française entre ravalement et réformes. »  In le Monde Diplomatique, (March 1998): 20-21. Accessed June 2016. https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1998/03/WAUTHIER/3627.   

Xinhua. “Trade between Côte d’Ivoire and China reaches Record Level in 2013.”  English.People, (January 16, 2014). http://en.people.cn/90883/8526662.html. 

Xinhua. “La 16eme flotte de la marine chinoise fait escale à Abidjan. French.China.org, (May 2, 2014). http://french.china.org.cn/foreign/txt/2014-05/21/content_32443856.htm.

Xinhua, “China’s Foreign Aid” in Xinhua.com, (April 2011).  http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-04/21/c_13839683.htm.

STASTICAL DATA SOURCES

China Aid Data. “Tracking Chinese Development Aid.” Aiddat.org (2013).  http://china.aiddata.org/map.

CIA,World Factbook. Cote d’Ivoire. (June 22, 2014).  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html.

Côte d’Ivoire’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. « Le point de la coopération Côte d’Ivoire-Chine.» Rapport interne, (Abidjan, December 12 2013):1 -10.

Côte d’Ivoire’s Ministry of Energy. « Aménagement du barrage de Soubré: L’accord de financement avec Eximbank Chine signé,» Energie.gouv.ci, (2010). http://www.energie.gouv.ci/index.php/fr/informations-generales/actualites/271-amenagement-du-barrage-hydroelectrique-de-soubre--laccord-de-financement-avec-eximbank-chine-signe.htm. 

European Commission. « Côte d’Ivoire: Améliorer les services de santé. » Ec.europa.en, Septembre 2016. http://ec.europa.eu/echo. 

France Diplomacie. “France and Burkina Faso Economic Relations.” Diplomacy.gouv. Accessed January 2016. http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/burkina-faso/france-and-burkina-faso.

France Diplomacy. “France Côte d’Ivoire Economic Relations. »  Diplomatie. Gouv. Accessed January 2016. http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/cote-d-ivoire/france-and-cote-d-ivoire.

IMF and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Statisticstimes.com, 2015-2016. http://statisticstimes.com/economy/projected-world-gdp-ranking.php.

United Nation Development Program. “China's Foreign Aid (2014).” Undp.org, July 2014. http://ssc.undp.org/content/dam/ssc/dgspaces/China/files/China%202nd%20White%20Paper%20on%20Foreign%20Aid%202014.pdf.

United Nation Development Program. “China's Foreign Aid (2014).” Undp.org, July 2014. http://ssc.undp.org/content/dam/ssc/dgspaces/China/files/China%202nd%20White%20Paper%20on%20Foreign%20Aid%202014.pdf.

World Bank. « Côte d’Ivoire: Revue de l’aide de la banque mondiale au pays. »  Banque Mondiale Washington, (1999) :1-108.  https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/Data/reports/cote_car.pdf. 

World Bank and International Monetary Funds. “Les Institutions Monétaires Internationales.” Diplomacy.gouv, 2013. http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/politique-etrangere-de-la-france/aide-au-developpement/dispositif-institutionnel-et-canaux-d-acheminement-de-l-aide-francaise/canaux-d-acheminement-de-l-aide/article/les-institutions-financieres.  

World Bank Development Data. http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/chn_aag.pdf.

OFFICIAL STATEMENTS/INTERVIEWS

Association Georges Pompidou. « Discours de Georges Pompidou.» Georgespompidou.com, Janvier-Décembre 1964. http://www.georges-pompidou.org. 

Charles de Gaulle Fondation. « Discours au monde (1958-1969). » Charlesdegaulle.org, Dakar Message August 26 1958.  http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/pages/l-homme/accueil/discours/discours-au-monde-1958-1969/discours-prononce-a-dakar-26-aout-1958.php.

Chinese Embassy (Côte d’Ivoire). “Zhang Guoquing message during a ceremony of attestation delivery to Ivorian student recipients of Chinese 2014 study scholarship.” Chineseeembassy.com, August 5, 2014. http://ci.chineseembassy.org/fra/lggx/t1180827.htm.   

Financial Services House. “Remarks of Robert Mosbasher, Jr., before the House Financial Services Committee’s Subcommittee on International Monetary Policy and Trade.” (July 27 2011): 1-4.  http://financialservices.house.gov/uploadedfiles/072711mosbacher.pdf.

 
Interview of Guiraud Abel Rodrigue Ouakiri, President of the ”Club Ami de la Chine.” http://www.ledebativoirien.net/2015/10/20/abidjan-le-club-ami-de-la-chine-devoile-toutpresidentielle-investissement-relations-chine-cote-divoire-la-chine-est-toujours-aux-cotes-des-ivoiriens-guiraud-abel-rod.

Moyo, Dambisa. Interview with CNN, February 2013. http://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/28/business/dambisa-moyo-afric. 

U.S. Embassy in Côte d’Ivoire. “Press communiqué.” Usembassy.org, (June 27 2014). http://french.Côtedivoire.usembassy.gov/cprafricomcipg.html. 

ARCHIVES

China Foreign Ministry. “Chinese leaders who visited Côte d’Ivoire.” China.org, (October 10, 2006). http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/focac/183548.htm

China Official Website.   “China’s African Policy.”  People.cn, (January 12, 2006). Accessed June 2016. http://en.people.cn/200601/12/eng20060112_234894.html.  

China Official Website, November 2013.  http://www.china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/2011-04/21/content_22410923.htm 04 nov 2013. 

China Official Website, “Full Text: China’s Second Africa Policy Paper.” Xinhua, December 5, 2015. Accessed June 2016, http://www.china.org.cn/world/2015-12/05/content_37241677.htm. 

Global Fire Power. 2015-2016. http://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp

France Official Journal. Malraux.org. 2009.  http://malraux.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/images_documents_3_jo26juillet59.pdf.

France Overseas National Archives.  Archivesnationales.culture.gouv, 2015-2016. http://anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/ark:/61561/wz818ytwutd. 

Library of Congress. “Countries Studies: Ivory Coast.” November 1988. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ci0018. 

Ministère des Affaires Etrangères et du Développement International. « Convention (dite générale) relative au concours en personnel apporté par la République française au fonctionnement des services publics de la République de Côte d'Ivoire.» Base des Traités,» France Diplomatie, Agreement no. 19590082, (June 30 1959):1-10. Accessed February 2016. http://basedoc.diplomatie.gouv.fr/exl-php/cadcgp.php.