本研究旨在探討關鍵查核事項的報導對盈餘管理之影響，預期會計師報導關鍵查核事項，受查企業在當期應有較高的盈餘管理（對使用者之預警效果），且該報導使企業抑減次期盈餘管理（對管理當局之示警效果）。本研究所探討之關鍵查核事項的揭露為有關應收款項之預期信用損失提列、存貨跌價損失提列、長期營業用資產減損提列以及收入認列，並同時納入應計盈餘管理與實質盈餘管理兩種衡量。根據我國2016至2019年上市櫃公司之資料，實證結果發現，應收帳款、存貨減損與收入等三類關鍵查核事項，存在對使用者當期盈餘管理之預警效果，以及對管理當局次期盈餘管理之示警效果。此外，本研究進一步分析公司特性(公司治理良窳)與會計師特性(經濟依存度與產業專精度)對研究結果之調節作用，發現前述結果在公司治理較差之企業，以及會計師經濟依存度較高者或是非產業專精查核之企業更為顯著。

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship of key audit matters (KAMs) disclosure on earnings management. The relationship is KAMs disclosure can reflect the earnings management of the company in current period (the forewarning effect for users) and will change the earnings management of the company in the next period (the warning effect for managers). The study investigated the disclosure of KAMs for four types: expected credit losses on accounts receivable, losses due to write-off of inventory to net realizable value, loss on impairment long-term operating asset and recognition of revenues. The author studied the accrual-based earnings management and real earnings management of Taiwan listed between 2016 and 2019. The empirical results show that if there possess the forewarning effect for users in current period, and the warning effect for managers in the next period, the KAMs disclosed that expected credit losses on accounts receivable, losses due to write-off of inventory to net realizable value and recognition of revenues. The research also additional analyzes the moderation effect of corporate governance, audit client Importance and industry specialization.

目錄
中文摘要	i
英文摘要	ii
目錄	iii
表目錄	v
圖目錄	vii
第壹章 緒論	1
第一節 研究背景	1
第二節 研究動機與目的	3
第三節 研究流程	5
第貳章 文獻探討	7
第一節 新式查核報告之採用對盈餘管理影響	7
第二節 關鍵查核事項與當期盈餘管理之關係	10
第三節 關鍵查核事項與次期盈餘管理之關係	14
第參章 研究方法	18
第一節 研究假說	18
第二節 研究設計	22
第三節 實證模型	24
第四節 變數定義	28
第五節 樣本選取與資料來源	31
第肆章 實證結果	33
第一節 敘述性統計	33
第二節 相關係數分析	39
第三節 迴歸分析	42
第四節 額外分析	51
第伍章 研究結論與建議	97
第一節 研究結論	97
第二節 研究貢獻	99
第三節 研究限制與建議	101
參考文獻	102
表目錄
表1-1-1 關鍵查核事項準則比較一覽表	2
表2-1-1 關鍵查核事項對異常裁決性應計數影響之文獻彙總	9
表2-2-1 關鍵查核事項對法律責任影響之文獻彙總	13
表2-3-1 關鍵查核事項對決策分析影響之文獻彙總	17
表3-5-1 樣本選取過程	31
表3-5-2 產業分布表	32
表4-1-1 敘述性統計──當期盈餘管理樣本組	34
表4-1-2 敘述性統計──當期裁決性應計數正負值樣本組	35
表4-1-3 敘述性統計──次期應計盈餘管理變化樣本組	36
表4-1-4 敘述性統計──次期實質盈餘管理變化樣本組	38
表4-2-1 相關係數表──當期盈餘管理樣本組	40
表4-2-2 相關係數表──次期盈餘管理變化樣本組	41
表4-3-1 關鍵查核事項與當期應計盈餘管理之關係	42
表4-3-2 關鍵查核事項與當期實質盈餘管理之關係	45
表4-3-3 關鍵查核事項與次期應計盈餘管理之關係	48
表4-3-4 關鍵查核事項與次期實質盈餘管理之關係	49
表4-4-1 公司治理對關鍵查核事項與當期應計盈餘管理的調節作用	53
表4-4-2 公司治理對關鍵查核事項與當期實質盈餘管理的調節作用	56
表4-4-3 公司治理對關鍵查核事項與次期應計盈餘管理的調節作用	60
表4-4-4 公司治理對關鍵查核事項與次期實質盈餘管理的調節作用	63
表4-4-5 客戶重要性對關鍵查核事項與當期應計盈餘管理的調節作用	68
表4-4-6 客戶重要性對關鍵查核事項與當期實質盈餘管理的調節作用	72
表4-4-7 客戶重要性對關鍵查核事項與次期應計盈餘管理的調節作	76
表4-4-8 客戶重要性對關鍵查核事項與次期實應計餘管理的調節作用	79
表4-4-9 產業專精對關鍵查核事項與當期應計盈餘管理的調節作用	84
表4-4-10 產業專精對關鍵查核事項與當期實質盈餘管理的調節作用	87
表4-4-11 產業專精對關鍵查核事項與次期應計盈餘管理的調節作用	91
表4-4-12 產業專精對關鍵查核事項與次期實質盈餘管理的調節作用	94
表5-1-1 研究假說與統計檢定結果	97
圖目錄
圖1-3-1 研究流程圖	6
圖3-1-1 研究架構	21

戚務君，2020，審計研究導讀，台中市：滄海。
許永聲、陳信吉與陳琬菁，2013，董事會特性與盈餘管理之選擇行為，會計評論，(57)，39-72。
Asare, S. K., and A. M. Wright. 2012. Investors’, auditors’, and lenders’ understanding of the message conveyed by the standard audit report on the financial statements. Accounting Horizons 26(2): 193-217.
Backof, A. G., K. Bowlin, and B. M. Goodson. 2019. The Importance of Clarification of Auditors’ Responsibilities Under the New Audit Reporting Standards. Working Paper, University of Virginia, University of Mississippi, and University of Cincinnati. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2446057.
Bédard, J., N. Gonthier-Besacier, and A. Schatt. 2019. Consequences of Expanded Audit Reports: Evidence from the Justifications of Assessments in France. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 38(3): 23-45.
Bentley, J., T. A. Lambert, and E. Y. Wang. 2021. The Effect of Increased Audit Disclosure on Managers' Real Operating Decisions: Evidence from Disclosing Critical Audit Matters. The Accounting Review 96(1): 23-40.
Brasel, K., M. M. Doxey, J. H. Grenier, and A. Reffett. 2016. Risk Disclosure Preceding Negative Outcomes: The Effects of Reporting Critical Audit Matters on Judgments of Auditor Liability. The Accounting Review 91(5): 1345-1362.
Brown, T., T. Majors, and M. Peecher. 2020. A Catch-22 in Audit Litigation? Interventions that Decrease Assessed Auditor Culpability by Reducing Assessed Fraud Detectability and Auditor Acquiescence Generate Reactance Effects that Increase Assessed Damages. Working paper, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Available at SSRN: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2483221.
Carcello, J. V., and C. Li. 2013. Costs and benefits of requiring an engagement partner signature: Recent experience in the United Kingdom. The Accounting Review 88(5): 1511-1546.
Cheng, Q., J. Lee, and T. Shevlin 2016. C Internal Governance and Real Earnings Management. The Accounting Review 91(4): 1051-1085.
Chi, W., L. L. Listic, and M. Pevzner. 2011. Is enhanced audit quality associated with greater real earnings management? Accounting Horizons, 25(2): 315-335.
Christensen, B.E., S. M. Glover, and C. J. Wolfe. 2014. Do Critical Audit Matter Paragraphs in the Audit Report Change Nonprofessional Investors’ Decision to Invest? Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 33(4): 71-94.
Cohen D. A., A. Dey, and T. Z. Lys. 2008. Real and Accrual-Based Earnings Management in the Pre- and Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Periods. The Accounting Review 83(3): 757-787.
Francis, J., J. D. Hanna, and L. Vincent. 1996. Causes and effects of discretionary asset write-offs. Journal of Accounting Research 34(SUPPL): 117-134.
Gimbar, C., B. Hansen, and M. Ozlanski. 2016. The effects of critical audit matter paragraphs and accounting standard precision on auditor liability. The Accounting Review 91(6): 1629-1646.
Gow, I. D., G. Ormazabal, and D. J. Taylor. 2010. Correcting for cross-sectional and time-series dependence in accounting research. The Accounting Review 85(2): 483-512.
Graham, J., C. Harvey, and S. Rajgopal. 2005. The economic implications of corporate financial reporting. Journal of Accounting and Economic 4(1-3): 3-73.
Gray, G. L., J. L. Turner, P. J. Coram, and T. J. Mock. 2011. Perceptions and Misperceptions Regarding the Unqualified Auditor’s Report by Financial Statement Preparers, Users, and Auditors. Accounting Horizons 25(4): 659-684.
Gutierrez, E., M. Minutti-Meza, K. W. Tatum, and M. Vulcheva. 2018. Consequences of adopting an expanded auditor’s report in the United Kingdom. Review of Accounting Studies 23(4): 1543-1587.
IAASB. 2013. Reporting on Audited Financial Statements: Proposed New and Revised International Standards on Auditing (ISAs). revised July.
Kachelmeier, S. J., D. Rimkus, J. J. Schmidt, and K. Valentine. 2018. The Forewarning Effect of Critical Audit Matter Disclosures Involving Measurement Uncertainty. Working Paper, University of Texas at Austin. Available at SSRN: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2481284.
Köhler, A., N. Ratzinger-Sakel, and J. Theis. 2020. The Effects of Key Audit Matters on the Auditor’s Report’s Communicative Value: Experimental Evidence from Investment Professionals and Non-professional Investors. Accounting in Europe 17(2): 105-128.
Kothari, S. P., A. J. Leone, and C. E. Wasley. 2005. Performance matched discretionary accrual measures. Journal of Accounting and Economics 39(1): 163-197.
Li, H., D. Hay, and D. Lau. 2019. Assessing the impact of the new auditor’s report. Pacific Accounting Review 31(1): 110-132.
Moses, O. D. 1987. Income Smoothing and Incentives: Empirical Tests Using Accounting Changes. The Accounting Review 62(2): 358-377.
PCAOB. 2016. Proposed auditing standard: The auditor’s report on an audit of financial statements when the auditor expresses an unqualified opinion and related amendments to PCAOB standards, May 11.
Peecher, M. E., I. Solomon, and K. T. Trotman. 2013. An accountability framework for financial statement auditors and related research questions. Accounting, Organizations and Society 38(8): 596-620.
Reffett, A. B. 2010. Can identifying and investigating fraud risks increase auditors’ liability? The Accounting Review 85(6): 2145-2167.
Reid, L.C., J. V. Carcello, C. Li, and T. L. Neal. 2019. Impact of Auditor Report Changes on Financial Reporting Quality and Audit Costs: Evidence from the United Kingdom. Contemporary Accounting Research 36(3): 1501-1539.
Riedl, E.J. 2004. An examination of long-lived asset impairments. The Accounting Review 79(3): 823-852.
Roychowdhury, S. 2006. Earnings management through real activities manipulation. Journal of Accounting and Economic 42(3): 335-370.
Schipper, K. 1989. Commentary on earnings management. Accounting Horizons 3(4): 91-21.
Sirois L. P., J. Bédard, and P. Bera. 2018. The informational value of key audit matters in the auditor’s report: Evidence from an eye-tracking study. Accounting Horizons 36(2): 141-162.
Sunder, S. 1997. Theory of accounting and control. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western Publishing.
Velte, P., and J. Issa. 2019. The impact of key audit matter (KAM) disclosure in audit reports on stakeholders’ reactions: A literature review. Problems and Perspectives in Management 17(3): 323-341.
Wells Fargo. 2016. Comment letter on PCAOB Release No. 2016–003; Rulemaking Docket Matter No. 34.
Zeff, S. A. 1978. The Rise of “Economic Consequence”. Journal of Accountancy, (December): 56-63.
Zucca, L. J., and D. R. Campbell. 1992. A Closer Look at Discretionary Writedowns of Impaired Assets. Accounting Horizons 6(3): 30-41.