移民政策一直以來都是屬於歐盟會員國的主權，然而歐洲統合的深化，並且在歐盟內建立共同市場，而透過歐盟層級來主導，以共同維護歐盟內部安全。歐盟關注移民議題主要原因共有三點，第一，由於歐盟出生率自60年代開始往下滑，人口結構開始改變；第二，高技術人員之不足；最後，第五次擴大的影響與非法移民問題。而德國在歐盟內具有政治與經濟地位，移民人數又為歐盟內最多之國家，但人口成長卻呈現負成長之現象，因此做為探討之對象。本論文以政策研究法與推拉理論作為主要架構，並分為四部分，首先探討歐盟需要移民之原因；第二，論述歐盟移民政策、合法移民之法律規範與防範非法移民之措施；第三，探究德國移民政策之內容；最後評估移民政策與歐盟藍卡之成效，以及防範非法移民之效果。

The sovereignty of drawing up immigration policy belongs to Member states of the European Union, however the process of European integration and the forming of common market propels the EU to be a leading role to preserve internal security within its boundary. There are three reasons that the EU focuses on the migration issue, the first reason is that sine 1960s the birth rate had begun sliding down, the demographic structure has been changed; the second reason is the deficiency of the high-qualified workforces; and another reason is the impact of the fifth enlargement of the EU and the problem of irregular migration.

  This thesis takes Germany for case study because Germany possesses the major economic and political power, and the most immigrant population in the EU while their birth rate is the lowest among EU countries and their natural population growth started to shrink since 1990s.

  Based on policy analysis and Push And Pull Theory, this dissertation is divided into four parts. The first part discusses the reasons why the EU needs immigrant population. The second and third parts include the process of the EU’s legal procedures to immigrants, measures against illegal immigration, and German immigration policy. The last part estimates the effects of the EU and Germany applying the immigration policy, the impression of EU blue card, and the outcome after controlling illegal immigration.

第一章 緒論	1
第一節 研究動機與目的	1
第二節 研究方法	3
第三節 文獻探討	7
第四節 研究範圍與限制	11
第五節 研究架構	11
第二章 歐洲聯盟需要移民政策之原因	13
第一節 歐盟面臨低生育率與人口老化	13
第二節 高技術人才不足	17
第三節 歐盟第五次擴大後之影響與非法移民問題	18
第三章 歐洲聯盟因應移民之作為	23
第一節 歐洲聯盟移民政策	23
第二節 制定合法移民之法律規範	40
第三節 防範非法移民之措施	51
第四章 德國的移民規範	57
第一節 德國外來移民之背景	57
第二節 外國人法之規範	62
第三節 新國籍法、綠卡計畫與新移民法之規範	65 
第五章 歐洲聯盟移民規範執行之成效	77
第一節 歐盟外來移民人口之結構	77
第二節 高技術人才引入歐盟之成效	83
第三節 歐盟公民流動情形與遏止非法移民之成效	90
第六章 結論	103
參考文獻	107
圖目錄
〈圖2-1〉 1960-2010年歐盟出生率與死亡率14
〈圖5-1〉 2004-2012年歐盟與德國之自然增長率77
〈圖5-2〉 2008-2011年外來人民移入歐盟之數目78
〈圖5-3〉2008-2010年歐盟核發第三國國民居留許可之依據79
〈圖5-4〉 2012年歐盟藍卡核發之數量84  
〈圖5-5〉 2008與2012年第三國國民為高技術人員之比例.85
〈圖5-6〉 2000-2012年歐盟公民移入德國之人數94
〈圖5-7〉 2011-2013年非法移民遣返之方式96
〈圖5-8〉 2008-2012年非法滯留歐盟之人數97
〈圖5-9〉 2000-2012年德國查獲非法移民與非法滯留之人數99
〈圖5-10〉2009-2013年歐盟查獲歐盟非法移民、非法滯留與遣返回國之人數100
〈表2-1〉 2008-2010年歐盟人口變化比率15
〈表2-2〉 1999-2012年德國出生率與出生人數16
〈表2-3〉 歐盟會員國東部邊境交界國20
〈表4-1〉 1970-1985年德國的外國人口數59
〈表4-2〉 1991年後難民庇護者與遷出者移入德國之人口數61
〈表5-1〉 德國移入與移出之人數80
〈表5-2〉 2010年國際移民分布最多的國家82
〈表5-3〉 2009-2012年德國國內第三國國民為高技術移民之數量89
〈表5-4〉 舊會員國(EU-15)同意8個中東歐會員國自由流動權90
〈表5-5〉 歐盟第五次擴大過後，新會員國的外來移民移入移出之人數92
〈表5-6〉 2013年歐洲外部邊境管理署每季非法移民查獲之人數98

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