歐盟競爭法中禁止企業濫用優勢地位，為維護內部市場秩序的重要規範之一，適用於歐盟各項產業；但由於醫藥業因為具有其經濟、社會保險、安全與健康等重要影響，所以受到會員國國家的嚴格管制，也因此造就歐盟藥品市場為一受到國家干預的不完全競爭市場；在此情形下，歐盟又受限於條約賦予的有限職權，無法有效的協調整合會員國在醫藥規範之分歧，加上藥品專利保護的強烈需求作用下，使醫藥業具有不同於其他的特殊性。
    而且根據本文對於目前相關案例的判決過程之分析，證明歐盟醫藥業仍然適用競爭法的規範，但在滿足歐盟運作條約第102 條之法定構成要件時，容易產生判別上的困難；除此之外，檢驗相關案例的判決結果，第一起醫藥業濫用市場優勢地位的AstraZeneca 案現階段仍未有終局判決，而Syfait 案與Lélos案又以「非當然濫用市場優勢地位」作結，證明醫藥業的行為是否能確實構成濫用優勢地位實屬不易。

The law of prohibition from abusing of dominant position under the EU competition law is one of the most important rules to maintain the order of the internal market and applied to all sectors in Europe. But owing to the great influence on economics, social security, national safety and health insurance, the pharmaceutical industry in Europe is close confined by most member states, which forming the medicines trade an incomplete competitive market with state intervention; besides, EU cannot integrate the differences between the member states effectively with restricted competence by treaties, plus the strong needing of the patent rights, leading the pharmaceutical industry to have its specific characteristics.
  According to the analysis of the judgments of relative cases in this article, EU pharmaceutical industry still applies the regulation of competition law. For all that, there are lots of difficulties when satisfying the legal conditions of article 102 TFEU; nonetheless in light of the judgments of these cases: the case Astrazeneca, which the first abuse dominant position case by pharmaceutical undertakings, doesn’t given the final judgment currently; and the result of the cases Syfait and Lélos as “company of GSK AEVE didn’t violate the regulation of abusing market dominant position.” in conclusion, the conducts of pharmaceutical industry indeed constituts abuse of dominant position is not that easy.

第一章 緒論 .........................................................................................................1
第一節 研究動機與目的.............................................................................1
第二節 研究方法.........................................................................................2
第三節 文獻評論.........................................................................................3
第四節 研究範圍與限制.............................................................................6
一、研究範圍.......................................................................................6
二、研究限制.......................................................................................7
第五節 研究架構.........................................................................................7
第二章 歐盟藥品市場之建立與發展.................................................................9
第一節 歐盟醫藥品市場概況.....................................................................9
一、醫藥業之發展...............................................................................9
二、醫藥業之特色.............................................................................12
三、藥品管制之必要.........................................................................17
第二節 醫藥業之相關規範.......................................................................18
一、會員國之藥價管制.....................................................................19
二、歐盟之共同規範.........................................................................24
第三節 歐洲藥品專利規範的調和.........................................................28
一、會員國專利法規之分歧.............................................................29
二、歐洲藥品專利規範之整合.........................................................29
第四節 小結 ...............................................................................................39
第三章 醫藥業適用競爭法中「濫用優勢地位」之分析.................................41
第一節 競爭法之「濫用市場優勢地位」要件.......................................42
一、「企業」與「相關市場」...........................................................43
二、「優勢地位」與「濫用行為」...................................................47
三、醫藥業中處方藥品的適用情況.................................................54
第二節 醫藥業適用「濫用優勢地位」...................................................55
一、醫藥相關市場.............................................................................55
二、專利之優勢地位.........................................................................61
三、專利權濫用行為.........................................................................62
第三節 藥品專利與市場競爭的法律關係...............................................63
一、智財權與競爭法之法律關係.....................................................64
二、藥品專利與關鍵設施.................................................................66
三、藥品平行貿易與競爭法.............................................................67
第四節 小結 ...............................................................................................69
第四章 醫藥業濫用優勢地位之案例分析.......................................................73
第一節 AstraZenenca 案..........................................................................73
一、事實 .............................................................................................74
二、法律爭點.....................................................................................74
三、普通法院判決.............................................................................77
四、評析 .............................................................................................79
第二節 Syfait 案/Lélos 案.........................................................................82
一、Syfait 案......................................................................................83
二、Lélos/ Syfait II 案.......................................................................84
第三節 小結 ...............................................................................................89
第五章 結論 .......................................................................................................91
一、不完全競爭下的歐洲藥品單一市場.........................................92
二、專利藥品仍適用歐盟競爭法的規範.........................................93
三、公眾健康權（生命權）與專利權（財產權）的法益平衡.....94
參考文獻 .............................................................................................................96
附錄一 歐盟會員國醫藥法規與主管機關.....................................................104
附錄二 歐盟會員國藥品定價（供給面：定價、預算、產業與給付） .......107
附錄三 歐盟會員國藥品定價（需求面：醫師、病患與藥劑師） ...............108
附錄四 歐盟人類用藥相關規範（依時間序） .............................................109
附錄五 歐盟會員國專利法規......................................................................... 111

圖目錄
圖 1：全球醫藥業發展(2010 年)（依地區）(%) .......................................... 11
圖 2：全球醫藥業成長率(2004-2009 年) (%) ................................................ 11
圖 3：全球醫藥業新藥銷售(2005-2009 年) (%).............................................. 11
圖 4：歐盟醫藥業研發投資成長率(2008 年) (%) .........................................13
圖 5：美國與歐盟藥品研發投資成長率(1996-2010 年) (%) ........................14
圖 6：歐盟會員國藥品平行貿易成長(2004-2008 年) (%) ............................15
圖 7：藥品平行貿易供應途徑（線條較深者） ..............................................17
圖 8：醫藥業跨領域發展..................................................................................18
圖 9：藥品市場供需流程..................................................................................21
圖 10：歐盟藥品取得上市許可程序................................................................28
圖 11：學名藥生產成本組成(%) ....................................................................33
圖 12：全球學名藥生產(2007 年) (%) ...........................................................34
圖 13：學名藥發展影響之層面........................................................................35
圖 14：歐盟執委會專利爭端解決監督機制....................................................36
圖 15：執委會兩階段專利爭端解決及監督(2010-2011 年) (%) ..................37
圖 16：歐盟運作條約第102 條（企業濫用優勢地位）之法律構成要件....42
圖 17：優勢地位之定義....................................................................................48
圖 18：處方藥供應............................................................................................55
圖 19：醫藥業濫用優勢地位之構成要件........................................................70
圖 20：AstraZeneca 案企業濫用優勢地位之判別..........................................80
圖 21：Syfait 案與Lélos/ Syfait II 案企業濫用優勢地位之法律構成要件88
圖 22：歐盟醫藥業適用競爭法中「濫用市場優勢地位」之法律分析........92

表目錄
表 1：歐盟有關公衛醫藥政策之權限..............................................................26
表 2：歐盟人類用藥專利權相關規範（依時間序） ......................................32
表 3：Glaxo Wellcome/Smithkline Beecham 案相關產品市場.....................58
表 4：Glaxo Wellcome/Smithkline Beecham 案抗病毒型藥物(J5B)市佔率61

中文資料
專書
王泰銓(1990)，歐洲事業法（二）－歐洲競爭規範，臺北：五南圖書出版股
份有限公司。
何之邁(1989)，企業經濟力集中之法律問題，臺北：黎明文化事業公司。
吳全峰(2011)，「從健康人權之角度論國際藥品智慧財產權制度之發展」，洪
德欽主編，歐盟與美國生物科技政策，581-693，臺北：中央研究院歐美
研究所。
陳文吟(1995)，專利權法導論，臺北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
陳麗娟(2010)，歐洲經濟法，臺北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
陳麗娟(2010)，里斯本條約後歐洲聯盟的新面貌，臺北：五南圖書出版股份
有限公司。
黃銘傑(2006)，競爭法與智慧財產權法之交會－相生與相剋之間，臺北：元
照出版社。
張懿云與謝銘洋(2002)，著作權法與公平交易法關係研究，臺北，行政院公
平交易委員會。
鄭中人(2003)，智慧財產權法導讀，臺北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
劉孔中(2007)，智慧財產權法制的關鍵革新，臺北：元照出版社。
劉博文(2007)，智慧財產權之保護與管理，臺北：揚智文化。
廖月娟譯(2002)，Jeffrey Robinson 著，一顆價值十億的藥丸：人命與金錢的
交易，臺北：時報出版。
期刊
丁世傑與李素華(2000)，歐盟執委會提出歐盟專利制度草案，科技法律透析，
12(9):12-14。
王文宇(2006)，濫用獨占地位之判斷標準─法律概念或經濟觀點，公平交易
季刊，15(1):1-23。
王淑靜(2004)，歐洲專利申請制度與實務簡介，智慧財產季刊，53:43-50。
李素華(2001)，區域性專利制度整合之國際趨勢—歐洲專利及共同體專利制
度，智慧財產權管理，31:1-8。
李素華(2006)，論強制授權制度在醫藥專利權之適用，生物倫理通訊，21:
57-75。
李森堙(2007)，談專利耗盡－一個專利權劃界的原則，科技法律透析，19(8):
24-40。
汪徽五(2004)，歐洲醫藥品管理局(EMEA)對應用於人體新興醫療產品的品質
評估，國際醫藥法規協合會台灣推動委員會會訊，18: 1-8。
林易典(2009)，以拒絕供貨來阻礙平行輸出入作為濫用市場支配地位的態
樣：歐洲法院2008 年9 月16 日Sot. Lélos / GlaxoSmithKling 案判決，
關於歐體條約第八十二條禁止濫用市場支配地位規範之解釋的啟發，
2009 年智慧財產權發展論壇，臺南：成功大學。
林彩瑜(2004)，WTO TRIPS 協定下醫藥專利與公共健康之問題及其解決方
向，政大法學評論，78: 268-342。
周碧鳳(2008)，新修正歐洲專利公約EPC 2000 修法內容概要介紹，萬國法律，
157:28-32。
陳昭華(2003)，論專利品之平行輸入，臺大法學論叢，32(5): 171-232。
侯慶辰(2010)，論關係企業間技術授權的法律問題，政治大學智慧財產權評
論，8(2): 59-77。
程馨與謝啟瑞(2005)，全民健保藥品政策與藥品費用的經濟分析，經社法制
論叢，35:1-42。
黃慧嫺(2005)，歐洲國家製藥產業試驗免責之適用範圍剖析，科技法律透析，
17(2):14-24。
黃慧嫻(2009)，延長專利保護對產業研發創新的效應思考－兼談專利法修正
草案第54 條，科技法律透析，21(8):2-9。
馬泰成(2009)，榨取性濫用之管制：政策理念與實務困境，公平交易季刊，
17(1): 39-73。
陳文吟(2002)，探討因應藥品專利之合理措施，國立中正大學法學集刊，8:
67-112。
陳文雯(2011)，藥品安全監視制度與不良反應通報系統介紹，臺灣醫界，54(7):
32-33。
陳志民，反托拉斯法規範掠奪行為之現在與未來－新經濟制度下之省思
(二)，政大法學評論，81: 213-282。
陳麗娟(2009)，歐洲聯盟法制巡禮－競爭法與公司法，月旦法學雜誌，174:
5-29。
湯澡薰(2009)，各國藥品支付制度及藥價政策分析及評估，行政院衛生署九
十八年度委託研究計畫，1-202。
楊雯雯(2011)，國際風險分攤計畫實行現況，當代醫藥法規月刊，6:1-9。
張於仁(1994)，歐洲專利制度介紹－歐洲專利公約與共同體專利公約，資訊
法務透析，6(11): 24 -29。
劉孔中(2007)，以關鍵設施理論限制專利強制授權範圍，公平交易季刊，15(1):
25-58。
劉珮玟與許智誠(1989)，論專利權之強制實施-制度析述，經社法制論叢，4:
259-301。
熊誦梅(2008)，從藥品仿單談作權之保護界線及行政法對民刑法之規範效應
－評學名藥仿單之相關法院裁判及檢察實務，月旦法學雜誌，160:
265-278。
蘇永欽(1981)，論不正競爭與限制競爭的關係－試從德國現行法觀察，臺大
法學論叢，11(1): 55-86。
龍美安(2008)，專利藥物權利限制法制研究，智慧財產權季刊，54:59-65。
龐慧敏、王小萬(2008)，歐盟形成醫藥單一市場的挑戰與趨勢，中國健康政
策期刊，2(3): 42-46。
網路資源
「中華民國智慧財產簡介」，行政院智慧財產局
<http://www.itri.org.tw/chi/ip.asp>（最後瀏覽日期：100 年10 月27 日）
行政院衛生署衛生報導，第141 期，
<http://www.doh.gov.tw/new/page/9907/98-6.htm>（最後瀏覽日期：101 年
1 月27 日）
孫銘聰、蘇迎士、彭銘業，「藥物耗用標準化之定義每日劑量(Defined Daily
Dose)介紹及應用」，感染控制雜誌，第18 卷第5 期，
<http://www.nics.org.tw/old_nics/magazine/18/01/18-1-5.htm>（最後瀏覽日
期：100 年10 月27 日）
林佳燕譯，Goussard, Charl著，「歐洲共同體專利趨勢」，北美智慧財產權報
<http://naipo97.pixnet.net/blog/post/26962797> (最後瀏覽日期：2011年9
月23日)
英文
Books
Anderman, Steven (2011), EU Competition Law and Intellectual Property Rights:
the Regulation of Innovation, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Anderman, Steven D./Schmidt, Hedvig (2007), “EC Competition Policy and
IPRs” in Anderman Steven D. eds., The Interface between Intellectual Property
Rights and Competition Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Boldrin, Michele (2008), Against Intellectual Monopoly, Los Angeles: University
of California.
Calderini, Mario (2004), Intellectual Property Rights as Strategic Assets: The
Case of European Patent Opposition in the Telecommunication Industry, Milan:
Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi.
Chalmers, Damian/Davies, Gareth/Monti, Giorgio (2010), European Union Law:
Cases and Materials, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
European Commission (2010), Guide to the Application of TreatyPprovisions
Governing the Gree Movement of Goods, Luxembourg: Publications Office of
the European Union.
European Commission (1992), Impediment to Parallel Trade in Pharmaceutical
within the European Community, Brussels: Office for Official Publications of
the European Communities.
European Commission (2000), Pharmaceuticals in the European Union, DG
Enterprise Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities.
Folsom, Ralph (2009), Principles of European Union Law, MN: West.
Fox, Elanor M. (2002), Cases and Materials on the Competition Law of the
European Union: Excerpted from Cases and Materials on European Union
Law, St. Paul: West Group.
Ghidini, Gustavo (2010), Intellectual Property and Competition Law: the
Innovation Nexus, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Hargreaves, Sylvia (2009), EU Law Concentrate, New York: Oxford University
Press.
Hart, Tina/Fazzani, Linda (1997), Intellectual Property Law, London: Macmillan
Press Ltd.
Have, Arthur ten (2009), Competitiveness of the EU Market and Industry for
Pharmaceuticals, Rotterdam: ECORYS.
Hull, David W/Burling, Covington (2007), Parallel Trade in Pharmaceuticals
and EC Competition Law, PLC Cross-border Life Sciences Handbook, Brussels:
Practical Law.
Ioannis, Lianos (2010), The Reform of EC Competition Law, Austin: Wolters
Kluwer.
Jones, Alison/Sufrin, Brenda (2011), EU Competition Law, New York: Oxford
University Press.
Korah, Valentine (2000), EC Competition Law and Practice, Oxford: Hart
Publishing.
Korah, Valentine (2007), An Introductory Guide to EC Competition Law and
Practice, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Krapohl, Sebastian (2008), Risk Regulation in the Single Market -The Governance
of Pharmaceuticals and Foodstuffs in the European Union, New York:
Palgrave Macmillan.
Lyons, Bruce (2009), European Competition Policy- The Economic Analysis,
Cambridge: Cambridge, University Press.
Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (2008), Medicines and
Medical Device Regulation, London: MHRA.
Masia, Neal (2008), The Cost of Developing a New Drug in Focus on Intellectual
Property, New York: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International
Information Programs.
Menell, Peter S. (2003), “Intellectual Property: General Theories” in Boudewijn
Bouckaert/Gerrit De Geest (eds.), Encyclopedia of Law and Economics,
Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
O’Donoghue, Robert/Padilla, A Jorge (2006), The Law and Economics of Article
82, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Saltman, Richard B. (2004), Social Health Insurance in Western Europe, London:
Open University Press.
Tritton, Guy (2008), Intellectual Property in Europe, London: Sweet and
Maxwell.
Vogelaar, F.O.W (2007), The European Competition Rules: Landmark Cases of
the European Courts and the Commission, Amsterdam: Europa Law
Publishing.
Articles
Armengod, Héctor (2008), “Parallel trade of medicinal products in the EU –
Latest developments”, Pharma Law Europe, pp. 1-40.
Dunning, J. H. (1980), “Toward an Eclectic Theory of International Production:
Some Empirical Tests”, Journal of International Business Studies, 11(1): 9-31.
European Association of Euro-Pharmaceutical Companies (EAEPC) (2008),
“Parallel Trade in Pharmaceuticals- An Economic Assessment”, Competition
and Regulatory Economics, pp. 1-44.
Fagrlund, Niklas/Rasmussen, Søren Bo (2005), “AstraZeneca: the First Abuse
Case in the Pharmaceutical Sector”, Antitrust (DG Competition), pp. 53-55.
Green, Kevin C. (2009), “Competition in the Pharmaceutical Industry: The Case
of PAH Drugs”, International Journal of the Economics of Business, pp. 55-71.
Jensdóttir, Jakel (2010), “Parallel Trade in Pharmaceuticals in the EU: Benefitting
Whom”, Faculty of Lund Law, pp. 1-56.
Kerckhove, Marleen Van/Porter, Arnold LLP (2006), “The Application of Article
82 EC Treaty to the Pharmaceutical Sector – Some Recent EC Guidance”,
The European Antitrust Review, pp. 5-7.
Kon, Stephen (2011), “Pharma and Competition Law 2011”, Global Competition
Review, pp. 1-8.
Lang, John Temple (2008), “The Requirements for a Commission Notice on the
Concept of Abuse under Article 82 EC”, CEPS Special Report, pp. 1-35.
Lichtenberg, Frank R./Philipson, Tomas J. (2002), “The Dual Effects of
Intellectual Property Regulations: Within- and Between- Patent Competition in
the US Pharmaceutical Industry”, Journal of Law & Economics, pp. 643-672.
Männik, Martin (2006), “Abuse of a Dominant Position by Pharmaceutical
Undertakings in EC Law”, University of Lund Faculty of Law, pp. 1-79.
Masia, Neal (2008), “The Cost of Developing a New Drug in Focus on
Intellectual Property”, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International
Information Programs, pp. 82-83.
Motta, Massimo/Streel, Alexandre de (2003), “Exploitative and Exclusionary
Excessive Prices in EU Law”, The 8th Annual European Union Competition
Workshop, pp. 91-108.
Padilla, A. Jorge (2007), “Misusing Law and Regulation to Exclude Competitors
Reflections on AstraZeneca”, UCL (Unfair Competition Law) Antitrust and
Intellectual Property Colloquium, pp. 1-18.
Sierra, José Luis Buendia (2009), “Parallel Trade and EU Competition Law: the
Glaxo saga”, Conference Vertical Restraints in EC Competition Law: New
Dynamics, University College London, pp. 1-18.
Vatiero, Massimiliano (2006), “Power in the Market: on the Dominant Position”,
Law and Economics, pp. 1-22.
Vogler, Sabine (2011), “Comparing Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement
Policies in Croatia to the European Union Member States”, Croatia Medicine
Journal, 52(2), pp. 183-197.
Internet Resource
Behrndt, Nils (2005), “Creating a Sustainable Environment Pharmaceutical
Competiveness in the EU – The Role of the Generic Industry. Viewpoint of the
European Commission, DG Enterprise and Industry,
<http://www.egagenerics.com/doc/Berlin_N%20Behrndt_2005-11.pdf>
(Accessed 11.11.2011)
Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfAM),
<http://www.bfarm.de/DE/BfArM/BfArM-node.html> (Accessed 12.10.2011)
Castner, Morgan (2007), “The Global Pharmaceutical Industry- International
Trade and Contemporary Trends”, Duke University,
<http://www.duke.edu/web/soc142/team2/shifts.html> (Accessed 20.11.2011)
Desogus, Claudia (2008), “Antitrust Issues in the European Pharmaceutical
Market: An Economic Analysis of Recent Cases on Parallel Trade”, The
Research Center on Health and Economics,
<http://www.upf.edu/cres/_pdf/wp60_desogus.pdf> (Accessed 11.11.2011)
European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries Association (EFPIA), “Article
82 EC: Can It Be Applied to Control Sales by Pharmaceutical Manufacturers to
Wholesalers”,
<http://www.efpia.eu/content/default.asp?PageID=559&DocID=4354>
(Accessed 30.08.2011)
EFPIA, “The Pharmaceutical Industry in Figure 2010”,
<http://www.efpia.eu/content/default.asp?PageID=559&DocID=9158>
(Accessed 10.10.2011)
EFPIA, “The Pharmaceutical Industry in Figures 2011”,
<http://www.efpia.eu/Content/Default.asp?PageID=559&DocID=11586>
(Accessed 10.10.2011)
European Commission, “AstraZeneca Abuse of Government Procedures in the
Pharmaceutical Sector”, DG Competition
<http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuticals/astrazeneca.pdf>
(Accessed 30.05.2011)
European Commission, Competition Sector, “Pharmaceuticals”
<http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuticals/overview_en.html>
(Accessed 17.09.2011)
European Commission, “Healthcare Industries”
<http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/healthcare/competitiveness/importance/i
ndex_en.htm> (Accessed 10.10.2011)
European Commission, “Independent Stakeholders on Administrative”
Burdens-Priority Area Harmaceutical Legislation, Opinion of the High Level
Group,
<http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/smart-regulation/administrative-burdens
/high-level-group/index_en.htm > (Accessed 12.10.2011)
European Commission, “Pharmaceuticals”, Industrial Goods,
<http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/economic-sectors/industrial-go
ods/pharmaceu-ticals/> (Accessed 12.10.2011)
European Commission, “Pharmaceutical Sector Inquire Final Report”, DG
Competition,
<http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuticals/inquiry/staff_working
_paper_part1.pdf> (Accessed 06.11.2011)
European Commission, “Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry- Preliminary Report Fact
Sheet: Prices, Time to Generic Entry and Consumer Savings”, DG
Competition,
<http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuticals/inquiry/1_Prices_time
_to_generic_entry_and_consumer_savings.pdf > (Accessed 10.10.2011)
European Commission, “Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry Staff Working Paper
2009”, DG Competition,
<http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuticals/inquiry/staff_working
_paper_part1.pdf> (Accessed 11.11.2011)
European Commission, “1st Report on the Monitoring of Patent Settlements”, DG
Competition,
<http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuticals/inquiry/patent_settle
ments_report1.pdf> (Accessed 11.11.2011)
European Commission, “2nd Report on the Monitoring of Patent Settlements”,
DG Competition,
<http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuticals/inquiry/patent_settle
ments_report2.pdf > (Accessed 11.11.2011)
European Medicine Agency <http://www.ema.europa.eu> (Accessed 02.10.2011)
European Patent Office <http://www.epo.org> (Accessed 02.10.2011)
IMS, “The Global Use of Medicines: Outlook through 2015”,
<http://www.imshealth.com/deployedfiles/ims/Global/Content/Insights/IMS%2
0Institute%20for%20Healthcare%20Informatics/Global_Use_of_Medicines_Re
port.pdf> (Accessed 28.11.2011)
International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR),
<http://www.ispor.org> (Accessed 12.10.2011)
Kanavos, P./Costa-i-Font, Joan / Merkur, Sherry / Gemmill, Marin (2004), “The
Economic Impact of Pharmaceutical Parallel Trade in European Union Member
States: A Stakeholder Analysis”, London School of Economics and Political
Science,
<http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/LSEHealthAndSocialCare/pdf/Workingpaper
s/Paper.pdf> (Accessed 26.11.2011)
Pharm Exec Annual Report 2011,
<http://pharmexec.findpharma.com/pharmexec/Article/ArticleStandard/Article/
detail/725213> (Accessed 26.11.2011)
WTO TRIPS,
<http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/t_agm2_e.htm> (Accessed
09.10.2011)